Volume 3 | Issue 1 |

 Abstract

The success of communication network has largely been a result of adopting a layered architecture. With this architecture, its design and implementation is divided into simpler modules that are separately designed and implemented and then interconnected. However, the layered structures in the existing networks are designed in layers, where protocols operate independently at each layer of the network stack. This approach provides flexibility with a modular design and standardization, but it may result in severe performance degradation when these protocols do not cooperate well. This is usually the case of wireless multihop networks, where noise and interference at lower layers affect the routing and congestion control performed at upper layers. Wireless links are unreliable and wireless nodes usually rely on random access mechanism to access wireless channel. Thus, the performance of link layer is not guaranteed, which will result in performance problems for the whole network. So, we need cross-layer design in order to improve the performance and achieve the capacity of wireless multihop networks. In this paper, we are using XPRESS, a cross-layer backpressure architecture designed to reach the capacity of wireless multihop networks. Instead of a collection of poorly coordinated wireless routers, XPRESS turns a mesh network into a wireless switch where packet routing and scheduling decisions are made by a backpressure scheduler. XPRESS is composed of a central controller, which performs backpressure scheduling based on the measured wireless network state, and also of the wireless nodes, which periodically provide the network measurements and execute the computed schedule using a cross-layer protocol stack. Transmissions over the network are scheduled using a throughput-optimal backpressure algorithm.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

CrossLayer Approach, TDMAC Protocol, Back pressure Architecture

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

Agriculture is one of the most water-intensive industries, and efficient water management is crucial for sustainable farming. This project presents a Smart Irrigation System based on Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs), integrating Arduino Uno as the central microcontroller. The system employs a moisture sensor to monitor soil conditions, a DHT11 sensor to measure temperature and humidity, and a rain sensor to detect precipitation. Additionally, a wind sensor is used to assess wind speed, which can influence irrigation decisions. A 12V relay module controls the irrigation motor, and a GSM 800 module allows remote activation of the motor via SMS, enabling farmers to turn the irrigation system on or off from any location. The system also includes a temperature sensor to monitor environmental changes and a 16x2 LCD display to provide real-time status updates on sensor readings and motor operations. This automated irrigation system minimizes water wastage, optimizes irrigation schedules based on real-time environmental data, and reduces manual intervention. By leveraging IoT and WSN technologies, the proposed system contributes to precision agriculture, resource conservation, and improved crop yield.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Smart Irrigation, Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN), Arduino Uno, IoT, Precision Agriculture.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

When it comes to establishing an appropriate accurate, analytical, or semi-analytical approach for studying buckling loads on laminated plates, it was discovered that the impacts of boundary conditions and lamination arrangements (i.e. stacking sequence and orientation of a lamina) are significant aspects to take into consideration. Additionally, it was discovered that the precision of stresses, strains, buckling loads, and other similar quantities becomes more accurate as the derivative order of shear deformation grows, and this occurs without the necessity for shear correction factors.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Literature review, Buckling, Laminated Composite, Buckling Loads.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

This paper explores the enduring legacy of colonialism and its profound impact on contemporary geopolitical conflicts. By examining historical injustices inflicted upon colonized peoples, the study highlights how colonial practices--such as economic exploitation, cultural suppression, and arbitrary territorial divisions--continue to shape modern state relations and internal dynamics within formerly colonized nations. The research argues that many current geopolitical tensions, particularly in regions like South Asia, the Middle East, and Africa, can be traced back to colonial-era policies that disrupted local identities and governance structures. The paper emphasizes the need for a nuanced understanding of these legacies to address ongoing issues of inequality, resource distribution, and ethnic strife. By linking historical grievances to present-day conflicts, the study advocates for a more comprehensive framework in international relations that considers the ramifications of colonialism in shaping global power dynamics and conflicts today. Ultimately, this analysis aims to contribute to a deeper discourse on justice, reconciliation, and the paths forward for nations grappling with the legacies of their colonial pasts.

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THE LEGACY OF COLONIALISM: HOW HISTORICAL INJUSTICES SHAPE CURRENT GEOPOLITICAL CONFLICTS

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 Abstract

Discrimination against people with special needs is dehumanising and humiliating in today's society. There is no caste, class, or religion-specific discrimination here. Regardless of their social standing, people with disabilities are subjected to the worst forms of discrimination, stigma, and mockery. These individuals make up around 3% of our entire population, which is undoubtedly a sizable portion. In circumstances when their differences are obvious, people with disabilities are frequently stigmatised. People frequently react to the presence of people with disabilities with dread, pity, condescension, invasive looks, disgust, or apathy.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

discrimination, disability, autobiographies, memoirs

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

"Food is the moral right of all, who are born into this world. Without food, man at most can live but a few weeks; without it all other components of social justice are meaningless" these lines were uttered by the Nobel laureate Norman Borlaug, who is considered as the "Father of Green Revolution". He received the Nobel Peace prize in 1970, for having saved over a billion people from starvation. The term "Green Revolution" was first used by William S. Gaud, the administrator of the U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID), in a speech on 8 March 1968. Land area is perfectly inelastic, it cannot be artificially created, instead, it is a free gift of nature. On the other hand, population of a county and the world consistently increases. Therefore, every new born baby comes with a mouth, which needs to be feed. As a result, the pressure on the existing land, mounts up every year, forcing it to produce more food grains for the growing population. Today, if population of the world is getting enough food grains and not suffering from malnutrition, entire credit must go to one scientific research outcome, namely, "Green Revolution". It is a set of research technology transfer initiatives, occurring between 1950 and the late 1960s, that increased agricultural production worldwide, beginning most markedly in the late 1960s. The initiatives resulted in the adoption of new technologies, including high-yielding varieties (HYVs) of seeds for different crops, especially dwarf wheat and rice. It was associated with chemical fertilizers, agrochemicals, controlled water-supply and newer methods of cultivation, including mechanization. All of these together were seen as a 'package of practices' to supersede 'traditional' technology of farming and to be adopted as a whole. This paper attempts to find out the genesis of green revolution across globe.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Food scarcity, population growth, HYV seeds, food security, mechanization.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

Global warming is a pivotal issue for the world community as of now. The issue of climate change is being addressed through the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). The EU's commitments are to stabilize CO2 emissions by 2000 at 1990 levels and to reduce emissions of the main six greenhouse gases by 8% in 2008-2012 from 1990 levels (Kyoto Protocol) 1. Green House Gas other than CO2, Methane is also responsible for global warming. Its global warming potential is about 28 times greater than that of carbon dioxide2. It is the second most prevalent greenhouse gas (GHG) emitted through human activities, accounting for about 15 per cent global GHG emissions in 20123. Methane emissions account for more than one-third of total anthropogenic (or manmade) climate forcing, making methane the second most important greenhouse gas (GHG). Methane is also a constituent of natural gas, so capturing it offers a unique opportunity to increase energy security while mitigating climate change. By targeting five main methane sectors (agriculture, coal mines, municipal solid waste [MSW], municipal wastewater, and oil and gas), the Global Methane Initiative (GMI) provides an international framework for reducing and recovering methane gas as a clean energy source, with significant benefits to the global environment, the economy, and human health4. In this paper, a relation between Methane emission and Livestock population has been established in the districts of Assam for the year 2001. A medium positive relation is found between the independent and dependent variable.

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REGRESSION ANALYSIS OF METHANE EMMISSION ON LIVESTOCK POPULATION IN ASSAM, 2001

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Human resource management is a critical function within organisations, responsible for recruiting, hiring, training, and managing employees. However, this essential role also presents various ethical challenges. One of the primary ethical challenges in human resource management is ensuring fair treatment and equal opportunities for all employees, regardless of their background, gender, race, or any other characteristic. Additionally, maintaining the privacy and confidentiality of employee information poses ethical dilemmas, especially in the age of digital data storage and management. Another significant ethical consideration is the responsibility of HR professionals to create a safe and respectful workplace environment, free from discrimination, harassment, and retaliation. These challenges demand a thorough understanding of ethical principles and values, as well as the development and implementation of sound ethical policies and practices within the human resource management framework. In addition to the ethical challenges mentioned, another significant consideration in human resource management is the issue of employee compensation and benefits. Ensuring that employees receive fair and equitable compensation for their work is a critical ethical responsibility for HR professionals. This includes addressing issues such as gender pay gaps and disparities in remuneration based on factors unrelated to job performance.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Human Resource Management, Ethical Consideration, HR Professionals

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

Large organisations today have to manage big data that is dispersed throughout the globe. A virus is a type of programme that seriously compromises the system. Because of this, security is now a top concern for all businesses. These days, the most valuable resource for anyone is data which requires a variety of maintenance measures to safeguard those assets. Maintaining system security is becoming increasingly difficult as different types of viruses, such as malware, trojans, hackers, and adware, become more and more common. The prevalence of the internet in our daily lives is growing, and with it comes the ever-growing risk of various threats. Different viruses can be caught by different mechanisms, which calls for careful analysis. This paper presents a brief overview of different types of virus detection techniques and the effects they have on the system. This will assist in comprehending the advantages and disadvantages of every virus following the survey. A conclusion and some advice on how to avoid the virus in a sizable virtual world are provided at the end.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Virus, Virus Detection, Signature-Based Virus Detection, Anomaly-Based Detection, Trojan

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

The main aim of this research was to propose the concepts of Explainable and Ethical Machine Learning (EEML) as the solutions to the problems arising from the fast-growing Artificial Intelligence (AI). While technological advancement is inevitable, AI has been growing by leaps and bounds in recent years and changing society in significant ways. Although the rapid progress of AI technology is impressive, it has also highlighted some drawbacks, i.e., lack of transparency and ethical use of algorithms [1]. This paper mainly aims to demystify AI by putting in place standards that govern transparency and ethics in the development of AI. By critically evaluating the present position of AI systems and future insights, the analysis contributes to adopting the EEML approach. These guidelines are directed toward the principle of visibility, trustworthy behaviour, and moral evaluations at the various stages of the AI cycle. Through the campaign to support the implementation of EEML frameworks, stakeholders will contribute to maximizing trust and accountability in AI systems. Transparency of AI algorithms allows users to get the fundamental corrections processes of determining, which builds confidence and makes the technologies relevant. Moreover, ethical issues exist to see that AI systems territorialize on moral norms, thus preventing biased or unfair choices. Also, due to the promotion of socially responsible AI innovation through the EEML policy, all stakeholders in this field can help speed up the process of society's acceptance of AI technology [1]. Consequently, AI developers need to pay special attention to transparency and ethics to troubleshoot privacy violations, discrimination, and other ethical issues with AI deployment. In the end, efforts of an EMLC type are significant for developing innovative, responsible AI and its use. The intersection of transparency and ethical considerations in AI development processes, stakeholders can prevent what may be opaque and biased AI systems from getting damaging results. Consequently, this will be one of the factors impacting the AI tools' performance and positive effects on society.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Machine Learning, Artificial Intelligence, Bias, Responsible AI, Transparency, Accountability, Explainable Machine Learning, AI systems

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition