Volume 13 | Issue 11 |

 Abstract

In recent years transdermal drug delivery systems (TDDS) have gotten a lot of attention as a non-invasive and patient friendly way to administer drugs. The global TDDS market was valued at USD 5.7 billion in 2018 and is expected to reach 7.1 billion dollars by 2023 and is growing 4.5 percent each year. This review highlights recent progress in creating biodegradable microneedles from polysaccharide and protein-based materials. It focuses on carbohydrate polymers like cellulose and its derivatives starch ,alginates,chitosan,chondroitin sulfate,xanthan gum all of which show great potential for microneedle fabrication.Overall, this review gives a broad overview of the current advancements, clinical potential, and patent landscape of biodegradable microneedle systems made from natural polymer materials.

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 Keywords

Biodegradable microneedles Dissolving microneedles Polymeric microneedles Transdermal drug delivery Sustained release Controlled release Biocompatible polymers PLA / PLGA microneedles Hyaluronic acid microneedles PVA / PVP microneedles Micromolding

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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In a world where the problem of water scarcity is getting more urgent, the importance of innovative water conservation solutions is crucial. This is especially clear in gardens and fields, where the struggle of keeping a healthy garden in regions with scarce water resources is highlighted by issues such as poor water management and inconsistent water supply affecting plant growth and health significantly. Creating garden irrigation systems represents a significant shift from conventional gardening methods. This system is more than just a mechanical answer, it is a comprehensive strategy for both water conservation and park management. Our system uses advanced technology and smart principles to enhance water efficiency, maintain reliable water supply, decrease alcohol exposure, and offer accessible information and alerts to users. This not only results in the wastage of precious water but also puts the plant's health and strength at risk. Moreover, gardeners face even more difficulties due to erratic weather, which makes it hard to consistently water plants. Our advanced garden watering systems rely on high-tech sensors, processors, and devices. These characteristics collaborate to oversee live soil moisture levels, temperature, humidity, sunlight exposure, and other environmental factors. By utilizing sophisticated algorithms and machine learning, the system is able to predict the varying water needs of different plant species throughout various growing seasons with precision. Furthermore, our system offers users instant updates and notifications through a user-friendly interface, along with automated fluids. Gardeners have the ability to check soil moisture levels, weather predictions, and irrigation schedules on their mobile devices. This enables users to remain updated and modify their garden maintenance as required, even when they are not at home. Moreover, through promoting water efficiency, our program also helps in achieving the wider objective of environmental protection and preservation.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

hydration, moisture, soil, humidity, garden, watering, sensors, lcd

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

The herbal cosmetic industry in India has experienced substantial growth over the past decade, driven by increased consumer awareness, environmental concerns, and preference for natural products. This study conducts a comparative analysis of consumer perception towards prominent herbal cosmetic brands in India, including Patanjali, Forest Essentials, Himalaya, Biotique, and Kama Ayurveda. Drawing insights from existing literature, market reports, and consumer behavior theories, the paper explores how factors like product quality, brand trust, pricing, safety, and cultural association shape consumer choices. It was found that while premium brands attract urban and wellness-conscious consumers through luxury and authenticity, mass-market brands gain loyalty through affordability and accessibility. The study also highlights the role of marketing, packaging, and ethical positioning in enhancing brand value. As demand for herbal alternatives grows in both rural and urban markets, companies must align product development with evolving consumer expectations. This review offers a holistic understanding of market dynamics and consumer attitudes in the Indian herbal cosmetic sector.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Herbal Cosmetics, Consumer Perception, Ayurvedic Brands, Natural Products, Indian Market

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

AUTOMATED FERTIGATION SYSTEM FOR ORGANIC FARMING

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AUTOMATED FERTIGATION SYSTEM FOR ORGANIC FARMING

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Green packaging refers to packaging materials and practices that are designed to have minimal impact on the environment. This study, based on a comprehensive review of existing literature and empirical data, focuses on consumer perception, preferences, attitudes, and buying behaviour, investigating how green packaging influences consumer preferences and buying decisions. Highlighting its role in reducing environmental impact and promoting sustainability. Green packaging is characterised by the use of eco-friendly materials, such as biodegradable, recyclable, and compostable resources, and is designed to minimise waste, energy consumption, and the use of non-renewable resources. Existing studies suggest that green packaging influences consumer behaviour and positively affects consumer preferences for the product's packaging. The findings reveal a complex relationship between consumer awareness, environmental attitude, and packaging design. While there is a growing consumer interest in eco-friendly products, awareness of the benefits and functionalities of green packaging varies significantly.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Green packaging, eco-friendly, environment, perception, awareness, and consumer behaviour

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

Burn injuries continue to rank among the most devastating types of traumas, with significant rates of morbidity, death, and long-term aftereffects. Animal models are essential for understanding the intricate pathophysiology of burns and for assessing new treatment approaches. The ethical precepts, methodological techniques, and post-burn management techniques used in experimental burn research are covered in this review. Current guidelines for the use of analgesics and welfare monitoring are summarised, together with standardised methods for inducing burns in various species. The review also highlights critical components of post-burn care, including fluid resuscitation, pain management, nutritional support, wound care, antimicrobial therapy, and experimental approaches such as stem cell and growth factor-based treatments. Despite the fact that research on animals has greatly expanded our knowledge of the mechanisms underlying burn injuries, translational gaps still exist because of interspecies heterogeneity and uneven methods. To improve the reproducibility and human relevance of burn research, future studies should concentrate on creating sophisticated ex vivo, in vitro, and in silico models, improving ethical frameworks, and encouraging standardised procedures.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Burn injuries, Wound care, Animal Model, Analgesics, Pain management

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

This study explores Alice Walker's The Color Purple as a feminist and womanist narrative that examines the intersecting oppressions of race, gender, class, and sexuality experienced by African American women in the early twentieth century. The novel is read as a powerful testament to resistance, self-definition, and transformation, grounded in the experiences of women who navigate a deeply patriarchal and racist society. Walker exposes the structures that silence Black women while revealing the strategies through which they reclaim voice, autonomy, and agency.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Feminism, race, gender, female empowerment, patriarchy, intersectional feminism

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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The rise of Artificial Intelligence (AI) has transformed nearly every major sector, and the legal domain is no exception. As AI-driven systems are increasingly deployed, a pressing concern has surfaced: Who is responsible when AI makes mistakes? This paper examines the challenges involved in allocating liability when AI tools malfunction or produce inaccurate results. It reviews the current legal landscape, evaluates potential liability models--such as the responsibility of developers, manufacturers, and users--and considers how these technologies are reshaping traditional legal roles. With AI now performing functions like legal research, document review, and predictive analytics at speeds far beyond human capacity, certain legal jobs face diminishing demand. This shift requires a rethinking of the skills needed in modern legal practice, emphasizing technological literacy and interdisciplinary competence. The paper also analyzes the ethical and regulatory dilemmas brought about by AI in law and underscores the need for dynamic strategies that equip legal professionals to adapt effectively. Further, it offers a comparative international perspective on AI integration and safety within judicial systems, identifying key areas where India trails behind.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Artificial Intelligence, Legal Profession, Liability, Legal Research, Technological Competence.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

We have seen that the Egyptians approximated the area of a circle. They observed that the area of a circle of diameter. 9 units was very close to the area of a square with sides of 8 units, so that the area of circles of other diameters could be obtained by multiplying the diameter by 8/9 and then squairing it. This gives an effective approximation of ? (in accuracy being with in less than one percent). The Pyramids themselves are another indication of the sophistication of Egyptian mathematics. They knew the formula for the volume of a pyramid 1/3 times the height times the length times the width as well as of a truncated or clipped pyramid. They were also aware long before Pythagoras, of the rule that a triangle with sides 3,4 and 5 units yields a perfect right angle and Egyptian builders used ropes knotted at intervals of 3,4 and 5 units in order to ensure exact right angles for their stone work. All the above discussed achievement of the Indus valley people lead us to conclude that the knowledge of geometry and mensuration must had been in state of developed stage in the vicinity of 3000 BC to 300 BC.

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SYSTEMATIC DEVELOPMENT OF GEOMETRICAL KNOWLEDGE IN EGYPT

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This research paper presents the synthesis, characterization, and antimicrobial evaluation of novel thiazolidinone derivatives derived from 2-methyl-8-hydroxy quinazoline via a facile condensation protocol. The target compounds were obtained in good to excellent yields using a one-pot/condensation approach involving appropriate aromatic aldehydes and thioglycolic acid under reflux (or mild microwave-assisted) conditions. Structures of the synthesized derivatives were confirmed by elemental analysis and comprehensive spectroscopic techniques including FT-IR, 1H and {13}C NMR, and mass spectrometry; selected derivatives were further characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction to unambiguously establish stereochemistry. The antimicrobial potential of all compounds was evaluated in vitro against a panel of clinically relevant microorganisms -- Gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus), Gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa) and fungi (Candida albicans) -- using broth microdilution to determine minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs). Several thiazolidinone derivatives exhibited notable antimicrobial activity, with structure-activity relationship (SAR) analysis indicating that electron-withdrawing substituents on the aryl ring and increased lipophilicity enhanced potency. Selected active compounds displayed comparable or superior activity to standard drugs in specific assays and showed low cytotoxicity in preliminary mammalian cell viability tests. Mechanistic probes suggest membrane disruption and enzyme inhibition as possible modes of action. These findings identify 2-methyl-8-hydroxy quinazoline-derived thiazolidinones as promising scaffolds for further optimization as antimicrobial agents.

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 Keywords

2-Methyl-8-hydroxy quinazoline; Thiazolidinone derivatives; Heterocyclic compounds; Synthesis; Characterization; FT-IR; NMR; Antimicrobial activity; Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC); Structure-activity relationship (SAR); Antibacterial agents; Antifungal agents.

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