Volume 8 | Issue 12 |

 Abstract

Educational expenditure has been rising in India, especially in the last three decades at both government as well as household levels. The government expenditure as percentage of total budgetary expenditure at both the central and state governments have increased over time, albeit slowly. In case of household expenditure (private expenditure) on education has remarkable been increased as seen from National Sample Survey Organisation (NSSO) data of consumer expenditure on education. In the study, data has been taken from different round of NSSO such as 52nd Round (1995-96), 64th Round (2007-08), 71th Round (2014) and 75th Round (2017-18) and time period of study is 1995-96 to 2017-18. The analysis found that average annual household per student educational expenditure has increased from Rs. 1149 to Rs. 6024 in primary education and Rs. 1529 to 6866 in upper primary education from 1995-96 to 2017-18. The parent�s expenditure on tuition and examination fee is a largest share on education in urban sector as comparison rural sector. The expenditure on books, stationary and uniform expenses is more in rural sector as comparison to urban sector.

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Household expenditure, per student expenditure, primary and upper primary education, etc.

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Abstract The learner centered teaching LCT is a very important teaching and learning strategies in the field of education. LCT has been widely used in the literature around world. LCT is said to be one of the multiple labels of constructivist teaching philosophy. The focus of the instruction is to facilitate students to develop critical perspectives about the socio-economic, cultural, and political aspects. Developing critical thoughts amongst students, teachers need to cultivate a fluid relationship with their students such that students democratically and critically use their prior knowledge and experiences to build new conceptions of the topics. This method emphasizes on construction of knowledge rather than transformation of knowledge. Therefore, a number of pedagogical practices are closely associated with this teaching learning strategies. The major aim of this article to anlyze the relational instructional practices of LCT. On the basis of, various research articles, dissertations, research reports, and books on LCT, this article have been prepared. Research activities of this study include scanning the literature, grey literature, analyzing secondary data, and creating a reference list so that all documents are organized and easily accessible. The results of the present study indicates that LCT could be conceptualised as an instructional approach that focuses on helping students to construct understanding of concepts and principles using their prior knowledge and experiences from their day to day life. Teaching strategies are tailored to students� lives and teachers encourage students to analyse, interpret, and predict information. Effective dialoguing and students� active participation in the classroom processes becomes the defining feature of LCT practices. Thus, effective implementation of LCT will be determined by the teachers� understanding of the approach and their pedagogical motivation to engage students in the instructional practice. Learning objectives will then be realised by active collaboration between the teacher and learners whereas learners are promoted to make sense of the topic using their prior knowledge and varied instructional experiences.

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 Keywords

Instructional practices; teaching methods; teacher centred methods; learner centred methods; pedagogy; learner centred teaching

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Ceylon tea supply chain is one of the oldest supply chains in Sri Lanka. The tea supply chain provides a significant contribution to balancing tea demand and supply. However, Sri Lanka�s share of world tea production and the share of world exports gradually decreasing. The twin goals of cost reduction and service enhancement can be achieved through effective management of logistics activities and logistics efficiency. Therefore, the study carries out to calculate the logistics cost in the tea supply chain based on five small scale tea factories in Yatinuwara. The logistics cost in the tea supply chain was analyzed by transport cost, warehouse cost, and package cost. The study found that transport cost has occupied half of the total logistics cost in the tea supply chain in Sri Lanka. Warehouse cost was the lowest cost component of the total logistics cost. The portion of the labour cost is very high for all the logistics activities in the tea supply chain. The contribution of the logistics cost to the overall tea production cost remains at one-digit percent among the small-scale tea factories in Sri Lanka.

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Logistics cost, Tea suppl chain, Ceylon tea, Supply chain management, Logistics management, Sri Lanka

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ABSTRACT Background: Medical practitioners� life satisfaction is a considerable matter as it will help them to cope up with stress and a positive adaptation with their busy schedule. Aim: This study examined the medical practitioners� satisfaction of life as a whole. Method: A descriptive cross�sectional survey research design was pursued for data collection. A convenience sampling method was adopted to collect data from 329 private medical practitioners using the Satisfaction With Life Scale (SWLS). Results: The results of Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) revealed that SWLS is a single factor model presents a good fit to the data (?2 (5) = 23.60, p < .01, RMSEA=0.107, CFI=0.971, TLI = 0.971 & GFI=0.973). The results revealed that 63.6% of participants were satisfied with their life as whole. In addition, 25% of the participants were slightly satisfied with their overall life. Whereas, least number of participants (2.1%) were dissatisfied and 6.9% of participants were slightly dissatisfied with their life as whole. Furthermore, less number of participants was undecided about their overall life satisfaction. There were significant differences in medical practitioners� life satisfaction across experience. Conclusion: The confirmatory factor analysis demonstrated that all the items of Diener et al., (1985) scales were contributing to measure conscious evaluation of medical practitioners� satisfaction of a life as a whole. Medical Practitioners satisfaction with life as a whole is a key factor connected with their happiness which ultimately contributes to pleasing treatment with others life. For that reason, medical practitioners� life satisfaction needs to be cherished in healthcare setting.

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KEYWORDS: Medical practitioner, Life satisfaction, Cross sectional study, Confirmatory factor analysis

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The effect of temperature on corrosion inhibition of Eichhornia crassipes (Water Hyacinth) leave extract with Zn2+ on the of mild steel was investigated by gravimetric method at the temperature range of 308 K to 348 K in 60 ppm Cl- containing aqueous medium. The slopes and R2 values, for the temperature ranges from 308 � 348 K, are very close to unity indicates the adherence to Langmuir adsorption isotherms Langmuir adsorption isotherm related to the monolayer formation on metal surface and is also characteristic of physical adsorption (or) electrostatic adsorption.

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Water hyacinth, mild steel, Adsorption isotherm, corrosion inhibition

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The Sundarbans is located in the south of West Bengal. The main features of the ecosystem here are the saline soils in the coastal river valleys and delta areas. Where there are different types of forests, it is called mangrove forest. After the partition of India in 1947, an area of about 6017 square kilometers was included in India. This mangrove forest is rich in a species of plant called Sundari which is named after the Sundarbans. The largest mangrove forest in the world is West Bengal and the Sundarbans in the south of Bangladesh. Its range is between 21 degrees 30 minutes north to 22 degrees 30 minutes north latitude and 88 degrees 40 minutes east to 90 degrees east longitude. Its area is about 9630 square kilometers. Due to its ecological importance, it has been included in the World Heritage List. This region is very important in terms of biodiversity. There are different species of Flora, Fauna, mammals, avifauna, aquafuna, marine mammals etc. Notable species include Royal Bengal Tiger, Gangetic Dolphins, Sundari Tree, Olive Ridley Turtle, Kingfisher etc. There are about 40 species of mammals, 150 species of fish, 270 species of birds, 35 species of reptiles. However, the current Sundarbans region has some environmental problems that, if left unresolved, could lead to the destruction of the world's largest mangrove forest in the future.

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 Keywords

Largest delta, Mangrove, Royal Bengal Tiger, Sundari Tree, Environment Issues

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Multivariate data consisting of four features namely, Sepal Length, Sepal Width, Petal Length and Petal Width of three species namely Iris_Setosa, Iris_Versicolor and Iris_Verginica of iris flower is taken under study .In taxonomy classification of flowers is important but mostly the approach is subjective leading to misclassification. Being objective in nature data analysts can provide better solution with quantifiable misclassification. The data set of Iris flowers fetching the attraction of many data science learners .In this paper probability distributions of four features of all the three species of Iris flower are fitted. It is observed that all the four features have different statistical distributions.

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Iris flower, Probability Distributions, skewness.

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Background: Adverse drug reactions reporting in India are inadequate due to lack of awareness in patients and healthcare professionals (HCPs). The main objective of this study to identify and characterize adverse drug reactions (ADRs) in patients admitted in intensive care units (ICU) of a newly established tertiary care teaching hospital in south Rajasthan. Methods: This study was a prospective observational study conducted in 910 patients who experienced ADRs in ICU from October 2018- March 2019. ADRs were classified based on Naranjo�s probability scale, Modified Hartwig�s criteria of severity and Schumock�Thornton preventability scale. Further, ADRs were analyzed in terms of age group, gender, organ system and number of drugs involved. Results: Out of 910 study patients, 127 patients (13.95%) developed 152 ADRs. Antimicrobials drugs were suspected to have caused the majority (37.5%) of the ADRs. The most affected organ systems were the gastrointestinal system (42%) and dermatological system (25%). Number of patients with ADRs was significantly more in patients (48.9%) prescribed ?10 drugs. On the causality scale, 58% ADRs were probably related to suspected medications. About 88% ADRs were probably preventable and 57% ADRs were moderately severe. Conclusion: Majority of ADRs are possible in ICU setup. Based on the findings a rigorous study is recommended to determine the burden and identify the risk factors of adverse drug reactions to target interventions. Importance of such studies and need for creating awareness among health professionals about looking for and reporting such reactions.

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Adverse drug reactions, Intensive care unit, Antibiotics, Prospective study

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The present study narrates the history of the political, social, and economic history of Tamil Nadu from the Sangam age to the Paligar rule. Archaeological evidence shows that the ancient Tamil dynasties trade contacts with South Asian and European countries. The popular handicrafts of the Sangam period like weaving, metal works and carpentry, shipbuilding and, making ornaments using beads, stones, and ivory were commodities of internal and external trade. The port city of Puhar became an emporium of foreign trade, as big ships entered this port with precious goods. Other ports of commercial activity include Tondi, Musiri, Korkai, Arikkamedu, and Marakkanam. More than 2500 years ago Tamil kingdoms had carried out extensive trade with the West. External trade had been revived during the period of Pallavas. The foreign merchants were known as Nanadesi. Mamallapuram, Vasavasamudram, and Mylapore were the important seaports of the Pallavas. Rapid changes in the political situation of the rest of India occurred due to incursions of Muslim armies from the northwest and the decline of the three ancient dynasties during the 14th century, the Tamil country became part of the Vijayanagara Empire. The greatest of the Maratha rulers was Serfoji II (1798� 1832). Serfoji devoted his life to the pursuit of culture and Thanjavur became renowned as a seat of learning. The administration of the southern districts of Tamil Nadu was fragmented with hundreds of Poligars or Palayakkarars governing a few villages each. Trade and industrial activities of south Indians welcomed by western countries before the Industrial revolution.

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Tamil Kingdoms, trade, industry, contact with Rome and Greek, rapid changes , Vijayanagar, Marathas, Poligars

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 Abstract

Collected three species of Homonoia from Andhra Pradesh which consists of three in the world; taxonomic, ecological and conservation status have been provided for all species. And Homonoia intermedia new distribution to Andhra Pradesh.

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Homonoia, three species, intermedia, new reocrd, Andhra Pradesh, India, World.

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