Volume 14 | Issue 2 |

 Abstract

Children aged from 3 to 5, also known as preschool children, are in a developmental stage where abilities like cognitive, social, emotional, etc., will be developed. This study aims to reveal the impact of smartphone usage on the preschool children's behavior. In recent years it is noticed that usage of smartphones is increasing at a rapid speed in every age group, including the preschool age group. Due to excess use, children are becoming hyperactive, attention deficient, and irritable, and factors like parental phone usage, lack of supervision, and lack of limitation are providing fuel to this. Various research provides knowledge on the problems that are seen in the development of preschool children due to smartphone usage. From this perspective the current review study mostly focuses on the studies that revealed the behavioral problem that is seen among preschool children due to smartphone use. Studies revealed that higher screen time is associated with language delays, behavioral problems, and poor sleep in the preschool children. Parental interaction also contributed to the problematic use of children. These findings reinforced the importance of consistent parental monitoring and a controlled digital habit.

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 Keywords

Preschool Children, Behavioral Problem, Smart phone usage

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This research paper, named "Ethical Consumption and Brand Loyalty: A Study on Global Green Marketing Initiatives," focuses on the rising significance of sustainability in contemporary marketing and its impact on the behaviour of consumers and their loyalty to brands. With the rising awareness among consumers about environmental concerns like climate change, pollution, and depletion of natural resources, they are slowly embracing the concept of ethical consumption. Ethical consumption is the practice of buying products and services that are produced and marketed responsibly. The primary aim of the research is to examine the impact of green marketing campaigns conducted by organizations on the perception and loyalty of consumers toward brands. The research will also investigate whether consumers are genuinely supporting eco-friendly brands or whether their purchasing behaviour is driven by price and convenience. The study relies solely on the secondary research methodology. The data was gathered from the academic journals, research papers, sustainability reports of multinational corporations and Indian companies. The information gathered was analysed to understand the global and Indian trends related to ethical consumption and sustainable branding practices. The results show that ethical consumption is on the rise, particularly among young consumers like Millennials and Generation Z. Consumers display a positive attitude towards environmentally responsible brands and tend to form an emotional attachment and trust with such brands. However, the study also points out the gap between consumer intention and actual purchasing behaviour. Consumers tend to show concern for the environment, but they fail to purchase environmentally responsible products because of their high costs and lack of availability in the market, as well as a lack of trust in corporate environmental claims. In the Indian scenario, ethical consumption is slowly taking shape but is still in its nascent stage. Consumers in urban areas are increasingly becoming aware, but affordability is an important criterion that impacts their buying decisions. The paper concludes that the most important elements that link green marketing campaigns to brand loyalty are trust, transparency, and authenticity. Those organizations that are genuinely working towards sustainable practices, such as green packaging, sustainable sourcing, and environmentally transparent reporting, are more likely to be successful in fostering long-term consumer relationships. On the other hand, greenwashing can have a negative impact on brand reputation. In general, the study indicates that ethical consumption is not a passing trend but a paradigm shift in consumer behaviour. Companies that can incorporate sustainability into their operations and communicate their efforts transparently can gain a competitive advantage and improve their brand image and loyalty.

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 Keywords

Ethical Consumption, Green Marketing, Brand Loyalty, Sustainable Development

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Mathematics has a very important role in modern education and it also plays a crucial role to develop logical thinking, problem solving skills and the ability to analyze situations. One of the key factors that influence how students engage with mathematics is their level of interest. This interest can significantly affect how long they stay involved with the subject, their academic performance and their decisions about future careers, especially in science, technology, engineering and mathematical fields. The purpose of this study was to compare the levels of interest in mathematics among class 8th students with respect to their gender. The data for the present study has been collected from 100 students (50 boys and 50 girls) using simple random sampling technique. For the collection of data Mathematical Interest Inventory by Dubey was used to measure the mathematical interest. For the analysis of data t-test was applied to find out the significant difference between two groups i.e. boys and girls.

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na

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Next-generation AI agents are a big step up from those old rule-based systems we used to have. They can perceive things on their own, make decisions, and handle tasks in ways that adapt over time. I think this research looks at how these agents are built, with layers for perception, reasoning, learning, and actually doing stuff. It points out stuff like being autonomous, working with other agents, and keeping on learning, based on surveys from 2025 to 2026 and some frameworks like ReAct, AutoGen, Voyager, and CrewAI. In healthcare, they might help with diagnosis. Finance has them spotting fraud. Robotics and business workflows get automated too, which shows real-world use. But there are problems, like making sure they align with ethics, handling big computations without slowing down, staying secure against attacks, and building trust with people. Adversarial stuff is tricky, it seems. The findings push hybrid neurosymbolic setups and reinforcement learning as ways to make this work better. Future ideas include governance that's more open, mixing in edge computing, and standard ways to evaluate them. This paper gives a taxonomy of patterns in architecture, some analysis on capabilities from real tests, and strategies for deploying systems we can trust.

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 Keywords

AI Agents, Autonomous Systems, Reinforcement Learning, Multi-Agent Systems, Large Language Models, Agentic AI, Neuro-Symbolic AI, Agent Security

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The rapid advancement of digital technologies has brought significant changes to the way financial education is delivered and how financial management activities are performed. In the Indian context, government-led digital initiatives, the expansion of fintech services, and increasing internet penetration have accelerated the adoption of digital finance. Karnataka, being one of India's leading technology-driven states, provides an appropriate setting to examine these developments. This study aims to analyze the influence of digital transformation on financial education and financial management practices among individuals and corporate enterprises in Karnataka. The study is based on secondary data collected from academic journals, policy documents, government reports, and industry publications. The analysis reveals that digital financial tools have enhanced accessibility, efficiency, transparency, and decision-making capabilities. However, challenges such as unequal digital literacy, cybersecurity concerns, and resistance to technological change continue to hinder optimal utilization. The study concludes by emphasizing the need for coordinated efforts by educational institutions, corporate organizations, and policymakers to strengthen digital financial capabilities across the state.

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 Keywords

Digital Transformation, Financial Education, Financial Management, FinTech, Karnataka

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A comprehensive acoustic and thermodynamic investigation has been carried out for three binary liquid mixtures, namely carbon tetrachloride-aniline, carbon tetrachloride-phenol, and methanol-acrolein, over the entire mole fraction range at 303.15 K. Ultrasonic velocity (U), density (?), and viscosity (?) were experimentally measured, and derived parameters such as adiabatic compressibility (?), volume expansivity (?), and their corresponding excess functions were evaluated to elucidate the nature and strength of intermolecular interactions. The carbon tetrachloride-aniline system exhibits moderate non-ideal behavior characterized by predominantly negative excess compressibility values, indicating dipole-induced dipole interactions and structural accommodation effects. In contrast, the carbon tetrachloride-phenol mixture shows positive excess compressibility across the composition range, suggesting disruption of strong phenol-phenol hydrogen bonding upon addition of nonpolar carbon tetrachloride. The methanol-acrolein system demonstrates pronounced negative excess functions at lower mole fractions, confirming strong specific interactions arising from heteromolecular hydrogen bonding between methanol hydroxyl groups and the carbonyl group of acrolein. Comparative analysis reveals that the interaction strength follows the order: Methanol-Acrolein > Carbon Tetrachloride-Aniline > Carbon Tetrachloride-Phenol. The study provides valuable insight into polarity-dependent molecular association, structural rearrangement, and deviation from ideal behavior in binary liquid mixtures.

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Binary liquid mixtures, Ultrasonic velocity, Excess properties, Adiabatic compressibility, Molecular interactions, Hydrogen bonding.

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As the neglected segment of society, tribal people in various states of India, especially in Odisha, face several challenges in their daily lives. The educational level of tribal children still lags behind that of the general population due to the obstacles they encounter. Higher education, particularly for tribal girls, is further worsened as a result of economic reasons, social stigma, unfavourable parental attitudes, and the physical remoteness of tribal habitats. The present study investigates the attitude of tribal girls in the Mayurbhanj district of Odisha towards higher education. Attitude is a predisposition and prerequisite that prompts one to take action. To pursue higher education and overcome all challenges, one should have an inclination towards it. Thus, having a positive or favourable attitude towards higher education drives students to set life goals through higher education endeavours. Employing a self-constructed attitude scale, the investigator gathered data from 200 undergraduate tribal girls in arts, commerce, and science disciplines belonging to higher education institutions in the Mayurbhanj district. Analysis suggests a prevalent positive inclination among tribal girl students towards higher education, with those in the science category showing a more favourable attitude than their counterparts in arts and commerce disciplines.

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 Keywords

Higher Education, Attitudes, Tribal Girl Students

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Social media has the power to influence potential customers from the start until the stage of a purchase and beyond as well. The use of social networking sites has a wide range of effects on customers in the modern era. Numerous social networking sites have an impact on consumer behavior. These include YouTube, LinkedIn, Google+, and others. Almost every age group of customers uses social media these days, including working-class individuals, college students, and even senior citizens. This study's primary goal is to investigate how social media usage will impact consumers' final purchasing decisions. The public is the consumer in question. Additionally, the study has examined the elements that encourage people to shop on social media platforms and how social media will impact consumers' purchasing decisions

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social media,consumer behavior,purchasing decisions

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The General Elections of 2024 in India reinforced the argument around the role of caste and its impact on politics. Many researchers argue that majoritarian nationalism and welfare-driven political measures have weakened the foundation of caste mobilization, but the studies around India's elections paint a different scenario. This paper reassesses the role of caste in 2024 in the 2024 Lok Sabha elections in India and renders caste as a system through which political negotiation and social justice take place. It incorporates the state-level analysis of the Bharatiya Janata Party rallying for Dalits and OBCs in Uttar Pradesh, with studies around Dalit and Muslim voting behaviour. The findings show that caste holds an important position within the framework of Indian politics, but it's remodelled via coalition building, voting behaviour and campaigning. The ruling NDA government's push to unite the upper caste under the wave of Hindutva faced limitations due to constitutional barriers, while the Opposition INDIA Bloc rejuvenated the social justice discourse and successfully consolidated Dalit and minority votes. The electoral results of Uttar Pradesh show the rise of caste politics over its decay. By analysing the caste politics of the 2024 General Elections, the paper presents Caste as a central factor of electoral competition within political parties in India.

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 Keywords

Caste, Caste Politics, General Elections 2024, BJP, INC

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India's education system grapples with age-old challenges like uneven access, poor infrastructure, obsolete pedagogy, and stark regional inequalities, problems with a sharper bite in rural and marginalised segments of the population. The COVID-19 pandemic prompted an unprecedented transition to online teaching, shining an illuminating light on both the promise and the challenges of digital learning in meeting these and other systemic shortcomings. In this paper, we consider how some of those divides may be bridged through online teaching in modern India. Through an extensive literature review, policy analysis and case studies involving national and private EdTech initiatives, the study examines how digital platforms have affected access, quality of learning, teacher training and equity. Platforms like SWAYAM and DIKSHA have undoubtedly extended the reach of online resources, but we are grappling with issues such as the digital divide, tech illiteracy and patchy implementation. The paper suggests a blended learning model to combine the strengths of the traditional classroom with the flexibility and scalability of online tools. Results provide insights into actionable steps for those in positions of power, whether a policymaker, an educator, or a curtain holder contribution, working towards inclusive and sustainable educational reform in India.

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 Keywords

E-learning, Digital challenges, Gap of resources, Hybrid approach, Indian education system.

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