Volume 14 | Issue 2 |

 Abstract

Artificial Intelligence (AI) has become a transformative force in cyberspace, enabling automation, efficiency, and innovation across sectors such as cybersecurity, governance, commerce, and communication. However, the rapid integration of AI into digital environments has generated serious ethical challenges related to privacy, accountability, bias, transparency, surveillance, and cyber warfare. AI systems now operate with minimal human intervention, influencing decisions that affect individual rights, national security, and social trust. This paper critically examines the ethical challenges posed by artificial intelligence in cyberspace, focusing on algorithmic bias, data exploitation, autonomous cyber operations, and the weaponization of AI. It argues that existing cyber laws and ethical frameworks are inadequate to address the evolving risks of AI-driven cyberspace. The study highlights the need for responsible AI governance, ethical-by-design systems, and stronger legal accountability mechanisms to ensure that AI serves as a tool for societal good rather than digital harm

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Artificial Intelligence, Cyber Ethics, Cyber Law, Algorithmic Bias, Privacy, Autonomous Systems

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In a competitive environment banks have to render excellent service in order to retain customers, attract new customers and increase the market share and profitability. Quality means a sum of various characteristics of a product or service. It is a strategic tool used by service providers. Literature on banking services defines general and value added services in terms of subjectivity, attitude and perception. The quality of service is the customer's judgment about an entity's overall excellence or superiority. The current problem for the banking industry in India is to determine the dimensionality of quality of banking services. This is because if banking services dimensions can be identified, service providers should be able to improve the delivery of it is a form of attitude and results from a comparison of expectations to perceptions of performance received. The study covers the selected public sector banks in Erode District. The aim of the study is to investigate the customer perception towards banking services rendered by selected public sector banks. Moreover the study is made to measure the customer attitude towards banking activities and various services rendered by selected public sectors banks in the study area . It also aims at analyzing to know the socio-economic profile of the select respondents. Methodology is a way of systematically solving a research problem.

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Customer Perception, Banking Services and Public Sector Banks

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This research was conducted to estimate the parameters of medically certified deaths for the years 2015 &2017 in India. Here, we used the Grouped Logit Model (G logit) and the weighted least squares method for estimation of the mortality variable due to several age groups. The data set was taken from the Census of India website. This study led to the identification of among the causes of death, which have the most and least amount of deaths occurring due to age.

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Mortality, Age group, Causes of death, G-Logit model.

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The growth of internet technology and online payment systems has dramatically changed the consumer behavior pattern in purchasing products. Online shopping has become a popular and efficient alternative to traditional shopping. The purpose of this study is to analyze the consumer behavior pattern of online shopping and determine the factors that influence online purchase decisions, such as convenience, price, trust, product quality, and delivery services. The research is based on a descriptive study using primary data collected from a structured questionnaire survey. The results show that convenience, attractive discounts, product variety, and saving time are the most important factors that encourage consumers to shop online. But product quality issues, security of online payments, and delivery delays are still concerns that affect consumer trust. The study concludes that improving service quality, secure transactions, and efficient return policies can increase customer satisfaction and loyalty.

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Keywords: Online shopping gives a variety of products and huge discounts to customers and satisfies their needs.

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Intranasal delivery is one of the most interesting and challenging endeavors facing pharmaceutical scientists. Nasal delivery is an alternative to oral or parenteral administration due to certain limitations such as absorption of the drug, drug targeting to particular organs can cause a problem for administration through oral route. The nasal route has also been successfully used for bypassing the blood-brain barrier and afterword delivering drug molecules to the central nervous system. Also, lag time related to oral drug delivery is reduced by this route and offers noninvasiveness, self-medication, patient comfort, and patient compliance. Extend drug delivery can be attained by different new dosage forms like in situ gel. In situ formulations are drug delivery systems. In situ gel-forming systems increase the retention of drugs in the nasal cavity, and some of them also show permeation-enhancing capabilities. This article reviews the in-situ gel-forming systems used for nasal drug delivery and introduces their gelling mechanisms and other favorable features for intranasal delivery. It also describes the release patterns and drug stability of in situ gels as well as their in vivo performances and local safety following nasal administration.

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Drug Delivery, In situ gel, Nasal Cavity, Nasal Delivery

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Background:Specific Learning Disabilities is not a single disorder, but includes disabilities in any of seven areas related to reading, language, and mathematics. These separate types of learning disabilities frequently co-occur with one another and with social skill deficits and emotional or behavioral disorders. Most of the available information concerning learning disabilities relates to reading disabilities, and the majority of children with learning disabilities have their primary deficits in basic reading skills. An important part of the definition of LD is its exclusions: learning disabilities cannot be attributed primarily to mental retardation, emotional disturbance, cultural difference, or disadvantage. Thus, the concept of LD focuses on the notion of a discrepancy between a child's academic achievement and his or her apparent capacity to learn. Recent research indicates, however, that disability in basic reading skills is primarily caused by deficits in phonological awareness, which is independent of any achievement-capacity discrepancy. Deficits in phonological awareness can be identified in late kindergarten and first grade using inexpensive, straightforward testing protocol.Objectives:1. To assess the knowledge of primary school teachers regarding selected learning disabilities in children before and after planned teaching. 2. To compare the mean pre-test and post-test knowledge scores of the primary school teachers regarding selected learning disabilities in children. 3. To find the association between pre-test and post-test mean knowledge scores regarding learning disabilities inchildren among primary school teachers with their selected demographic variables. Hypothesis:H0- There will be no significant difference between pre-and post-test mean knowledge scores of primary school teachers regarding selected learning disabilities in children.H01- There will be nosignificantassociation between pre-test and post-test mean knowledge scores regarding learning disabilities inchildren among primary school teachers with their selected demographic variables. Methodology: The research design consisted of pre-experimental research design of one group pretest and post-test design. The population selected for the study was Primary School Teachersin primary school, Sindhudurg. The study samples were 30Primary School Teachers and were selected by using purposive sampling technique. The development of the tool involved steps of test construction i.e. preparing the blue print, selection of items, content validation and establishment of reliability. The content validity of the questionnaire was done and modifications were done according to the suggestions given by the experts. Pre-testing and reliability of the tools were done. The reliability coefficient of the cramp score was found to be 0.893.The tool was found to be reliable. Results:In the pre-test none of the sample scored excellent marks whereas in the post-test 56.66% of the sample scored excellent marks. None of the sample was having good knowledge in the pre-test which then increased up to 13.33% percent in the posttest. 3.33% of the samples were having average knowledge about learning disabilities in the pretest which then increased to 20% percent in the post-test. 6.66% of the samples were having satisfactory knowledge in the pretest which same 6.66 % percent in the post test. There is 9 percent of the sample were having poor knowledge in the pretest but in posttest it reduced to 3.33.The calculated 't' value for the knowledge score of the samples, before and after planned teaching was significant at 0.01 level of significance. This result supports the significance of planned teaching on selected learning disabilities in children, which has improved the knowledge of the primary school teachers. No significant association was found between the knowledge of female primary school teachers aged above 40 years and those with more than 5 years of experience. The calculated t-value was found to be less than the table value of 2.76, indicating no significance at the 0.05 level. Therefore, the null hypothesis (H01) is accepted, and the alternative hypothesis (H1) is rejected. Conclusion and Recommendations:The result of study, clearly, shows the positive effect of planned teaching on the knowledge of primary school teachers regarding selected learning disabilities in children. Therefore, the study showed that the planned teaching of learning disabilities was effective. Understanding learning disabilities allows teachers to recognize early signs of neurodevelopmental challenges, enabling timely interventions that improve long-term academic and psychological outcomes for affected students. Early and informed support is key to addressing these conditions effectively.

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Learning Disabilities, Primary School Teachers

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The present study aims to investigate emotional intelligence and self-efficacy in relation to academic achievement in secondary school students. Emotional intelligence is the capability of a person to manage and control his emotions and also to possess the ability to control the emotions of others. Self-efficacy refers to the beliefs a person holds regarding his power to situation. Self-efficacy beliefs determine how people think, feel, behave and motivate themselve. Academic achievement as the level of proficiency attained in academic work as formally acquired knowledge in addition to emotional intelligence. Present study investigator had followed descriptive survey research design and it is mainly based on quantitative method. A total of 300 samples from govt. and private secondary school which selected through the simple random sampling technique from West Bengal. These research tools were standardized with the help of exparts to ensure their validity. Findings of the study also revealed that there exists significant difference in the relationship between Emotional Intelligence and Self-efficacy in relation to Academic Achievement among in terms of Gender (Male&Female) and Locality (Urban & Rural) at secondary school students.

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Emotional Intelligence, Self-efficacy, Secondary school students, Academic Achievement

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"Sleep disturbance is common in older adults, because aging is associated with an increasing prevalence of multimorbidity" polypharmacy, psychosocial factors affecting sleep, and certain primary sleep disorders. It is also associated with morbidity and mortality. Several studies have demonstrated that aging-related poor sleep quality is associated with a worsening in cognitive functions, specifically associated with excessive diurnal sleepiness. "Despite advancements in diagnosis and management, sleep disorders remain under recognized among both healthcare providers and the general population"

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Geriatric Insomnia, Sleep Hygiene, Circadian Rhythm Changes, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), Cognitive Decline.

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Buddhist mahaviharas such as Nalanda, Vikramshila and Odantapuri did not function merely as loose congregations of ascetics but as large, residential institutions supported by carefully structured systems of governance. Drawing on Vinaya prescriptions, narrative literature and Chinese pilgrim accounts, this paper examines the administrative logic of these monasteries. It argues that rites of admission and ordination operated as institutional filters regulating entry into the community; that hierarchical titles and teacher-student dependence formed a merit-based internal structure; that the graded Vinaya offence-system provided a legal framework for discipline and dispute resolution; that daily routines and a consciously minimal economic regime functioned as instruments of control; and that selective examinations and public disputations linked intellectual achievement to institutional prestige. Read together, these elements reveal a distinctive Buddhist model of "moral administration" in which spiritual objectives and organisational procedures were structurally aligned. The study suggests that this pre-modern experience offers important perspectives for contemporary debates on university governance and value-based education.

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Buddhist mahavihara, administration, Vinaya, Nalanda, monastic education, governance.

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ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION: Childbirth practices have evolved from traditional, physiological models to highly medicalized obstetric care. While contemporary obstetrics ensures safety through technological advances, it may overlook holistic and woman-centred aspects of labour. Ayurveda provides a detailed framework for labour management through Prasava and Prasava Paricharya, emphasizing physiological birth, emotional support, and minimal intervention. This article explores the convergence between Ayurvedic childbirth practices, midwifery-led care, and contemporary obstetric guidelines. AIMS AND OBJECTIVES: To analyze Ayurveda labour practices described under Prasava Paricharya and assessing their relevance and physiological basis in modern childbirth care. METHODOLOGY: This review was conducted using classical Ayurveda texts and contemporary scientific literature including WHO guidelines, Cochrane reviews, and peer-reviewed obstetric studies. Key labour modalities, pain management strategies, and supportive interventions were comparatively evaluated. RESULTS: Several Ayurveda practices such as Ashwasana, Abhyanga, Ushnambu Sechana, Nasya, Yavagu Pana, Jrimbhana, and Chankramana - demonstrated physiological and neuro-hormonal effects comparable to evidence-based midwifery interventions. These practices promote parasympathetic dominance, reduce pain and anxiety, enhance uterine efficiency, facilitate fetal descent, and improve maternal satisfaction. Significant alignment was observed between Ayurveda principles and WHO-recommended midwifery-led care for low-risk pregnancies.

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Prasava, Prasava Paricharya, Midwife, Obstetrician.

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