Volume 14 | Issue 2 |

 Abstract

The administration of justice in Arunachal Pradesh has long functioned through a hybrid system shaped by colonial governance and indigenous customary institutions. The Assam Frontier (Administration of Justice) Regulation, 1945 (AFR) created an executive-supervised model in which administrative officers exercised adjudicatory authority alongside village bodies applying customary law. While this ensured accessible and culturally embedded dispute resolution, it blurred the separation between executive and judicial functions. The Arunachal Pradesh Civil Courts Act, 2021, together with its 2022 and 2023 amendments, substantially restructures this framework. Through a doctrinal and comparative analysis, this article argues that the reforms represent a shift from executive-dominated frontier adjudication toward a judicialised hybrid model that formally integrates customary courts within a structured hierarchy. Although the new regime strengthens judicial oversight and procedural safeguards, important gaps remain concerning uniform standards, constitutional protections, and institutional capacity, leaving the hybrid system only partially consolidated.

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Keywords: Customary Courts, Legal Pluralism, Frontier Justice, Judicial Reform.

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Abstract This research paper investigates the intricate relationship of gender and power in contemporary women writers' literature, particularly in relation to how narrative disrupts patriarchal structures and shapes female identity. Through an examination of Margaret Atwood, Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie, and Arundhati Roy, the research examines how female characters navigate the relations of social, political and cultural power. Through analysis of The Handmaid's Tale, Half of a Yellow Sun, and The God of Small Things, this essay investigates how present-day women writers use story craft to combat their marginalization and assert power. The study takes a feminist and a postcolonial critical perspective on how gender interacts with class, politics and culture. What we find is that these writers do more than reveal structures of oppression, they offer counter examples of how we might have greater control and how we resist them. The study adds to feminist literary criticism and shows that the body of feminist literature is a resource for questioning power relations in contemporary society.

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Gender, Power, Feminism, Contemporary Literature, Women Writers, Patriarchy, Identity

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Abstract The ICC Men's T20 World Cup 2026, jointly hosted by India and Sri Lanka, is one of the most prominent global sporting events scheduled in South Asia. Beyond its sporting significance, the tournament is expected to generate substantial economic activity, employment opportunities, government tax revenues, and sectoral growth across tourism, hospitality, aviation, and sports technology industries. This paper presents a comprehensive economic impact assessment of the event, examining its scale, duration, participating teams, and host venues. Using secondary data from previous ICC tournaments and global sports economic reports, the study estimates key revenue streams including ticket sales, sports tourism, accommodation, food and beverages, merchandise, sponsorship, and broadcasting rights. The research further evaluates employment generation across sports management, event operations, and emerging sports technology roles, highlighting the increasing demand for skilled human capital in the modern sports ecosystem. In addition, the paper analyzes direct and indirect tax contributions to national and local governments in both host countries. A focused assessment of the aviation sector reveals significant increases in passenger traffic, airline revenues, and airport service activities during the tournament period. The findings confirm that the ICC Men's T20 World Cup 2026 will act as a strong economic multiplier for India and Sri Lanka, reinforcing the strategic importance of mega sporting events as instruments of economic development and employment generation.

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ICC Men's T20 World Cup 2026; Sports Economics; Employment Generation; Sports Tourism; Aviation Industry; Tax Revenue; Mega Sporting Events; India; Sri Lanka

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Amlapitta is a frequently observed disorder of the Annavaha Srotas described in classical Ayurvedic literature, arising primarily due to derangement of Agni and vitiation of Pitta Dosha. Clinically, it presents with symptoms such as Avipaka (indigestion), Hritkantha Daha (burning sensation in the chest and throat), and Tikta-Amlodgara (sour-bitter belching), which closely resemble gastroesophageal reflux disease. Amaladya Lauha, a classical herbo-mineral formulation mentioned in Rasendrasar Sangraha, is traditionally indicated in the management of Amlapitta. A randomized control clinical study was carried out on 72 patients diagnosed with classical features of Amlapitta. The patients were randomly divided into two groups. The trial group was administered Amaladya Lauha in a dose of 250 mg twice daily after meals for 14 days, while the control group received capsule Omeprazole 20 mg once daily before lunch for the same duration. Assessment of therapeutic response was based on subjective clinical parameters including Tikta-Amlodgara, Avipaka, Utklesha, Klama, Gauravata, Hritkantha Daha, and Aruchi. Statistical analysis was performed using the Wilcoxon signed-rank test for intra-group comparison and the Mann-Whitney U test for inter-group comparison. The results revealed that both Amaladya Lauha and Omeprazole produced statistically significant improvement in the clinical features of Urdhwag Amlapitta. Comparative statistical analysis showed no significant difference between the two groups. The study concludes that Amaladya Lauha is therapeutically comparable to Omeprazole in the management of Urdhwag Amlapitta and may serve as an effective Ayurvedic intervention in its treatment.

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Amlapitta, Annavaha Strotas, Amaladya Lauha, Omeprazole, GERD.

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The Bhotia tribe inhabits the border regions of Garhwal and Kumaon in Uttarakhand. The word Bhotia is believed to be derived from the word Bhot, which refers to Tibet. Thus, the word Bhotia reflects their close connection to Tibet1. However, many questions remain unanswered regarding which tribes migrated to the Uttarakhand region in the past, and which castes and tribes intermingled here during different historical periods. Scholars have offered answers based on their own interpretations. The Bhotiya tribe has historically been a trading community, forming the basis of trade between India and Tibet. The Bhotiya tribe possesses unique and distinctive customs, folk medicine practices, and traditional food (dietary) habits. Their traditional healing methods and dietary practices are a testament to their long history and their ability to survive in challenging environments. This tribe is distinctly different from other communities in Uttarakhand. It is classified into several sub-groups. These sub-groups are found in three districts of Uttarakhand: Uttarkashi, Chamoli, and Pithoragarh. Before the advent of modern medicine, every community used various types of traditional medicines and folk remedies to treat illnesses, and each community had its own traditional herbalist or folk healers. Illnesses were generally treated with these folk remedies. Different formulas were used for different diseases. These formulas were developed by the early generations of the community during its heyday and passed down through subsequent generations. The plants that grow in different geographical locations and the dietary practices of a community are deeply connected to its health and medical practices. This is clearly evident in the folk medicine of the Bhotiya tribe. Before the advent of modern medicine, folk remedies and dietary practices were the only effective forms of treatment, and these traditional methods were passed down from one generation to the next. However, due to several factors disrupting the community's lifestyle in recent times, the process of transmitting this valuable knowledge from previous generations to the present and future generations has been interrupted. As a result, centuries-old traditional knowledge is on the verge of extinction. This research paper presents a historical study of the folk medicine and traditional food habits of the Bhotiya tribe.The research area is primarily focused on the villages of the Bhotiya tribe in Pithoragarh district.

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Folk medicine, Traditional food, Bhotiya, Tribe, Indigenous Knowledge, Kirat, Mongoloid.

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The extensive reliance on synthetic fertilizers in modern agriculture has contributed to soil degradation, nutrient imbalance, decline in microbial diversity, and environmental pollution. To address these challenges, the present study investigates the efficacy of a multi-component fermented organic biostimulant developed from agro-industrial residues and household kitchen waste for enhancing early seedling growth. The biostimulant was prepared through controlled fermentation of sugarcane bagasse, mixed fruit peels, vegetable waste, rice water, coconut water, buttermilk, and jaggery. Its growth-promoting potential was evaluated using fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.) under controlled conditions. The experiment was conducted in a Completely Randomized Design with two treatments: distilled water (control) and a 10% diluted fermented plant tonic. Growth parameters including shoot length, root length, total seedling length, fresh and dry biomass, and seedling vigor index were recorded five days after treatment. The treated seedlings exhibited significant improvement in all measured parameters compared to the control, with pronounced enhancement in root development, biomass accumulation, and vigor index. These results suggest that the fermented biostimulant improves nutrient availability and early physiological growth processes, likely mediated by beneficial microorganisms and bioactive compounds generated during fermentation. The study demonstrates the potential of waste-derived fermented biostimulants as cost-effective, eco-friendly alternatives to synthetic inputs, supporting sustainable agriculture and circular bioresource utilization.

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Sustainable agriculture, biostimulants, seedling vigor, fermentation, organic amendments, soil health, and microbial diversity.

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This study aims to compare peer-led and teacher-led teaching methods by examining students' preferences, learning experiences, and perceived effectiveness of each approach. Using a descriptive and comparative research design, data were collected from 69 students who had prior exposure to both teaching methods. A structured questionnaire consisting of Likert scale items, multiple-choice questions, and open-ended responses was used to gather insights into concept clarity, engagement, comfort level, and overall learning outcomes. The findings indicate that students tend to prefer peer-led teaching for theoretical learning due to its informal environment, use of simple language, and increased comfort in asking questions. Peer-led sessions were found to encourage active participation and enhance conceptual understanding. Teacher-led teaching, however, was valued for its structured delivery, accuracy, and suitability for practical and application-based topics. The study, supported by existing literature, suggests that while peer-led teaching has a stronger influence on engagement and conceptual clarity, both methods play essential and complementary roles. An integrated approach combining peer-led and teacher-led teaching is therefore recommended to achieve a balanced and effective learning experience.

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Peer-led teaching, Teacher-led teaching, Student learning, Conceptual understanding, Learning preferences, Active learning, Teaching methods.

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High Intensity Interval Training in hard and sand Surface, Soccer and anaerobic power

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This research examines how Moral Reasoning and Philosophical Foundations of Ethics affect an individual's decision when faced with ethical dilemma. It delves deeply on the situation of a person caught in the middle of staying loyal to the management versus standing up against it by choosing to do what is morally right. Being a whistle-blower affects not just the individual itself but also people surrounding the perimeter of the concerned organization. Anyone who faces an ethical dilemma is expected to undergo stages of Moral Reasoning which originated from Lawrence Kohlberg's theory of Moral Reasoning. Based on this theory, a person growing up undergoes not just different physical stages but different moral stages as well. These stages correlate whistle-blowers' actions to the intention (moral reasoning) and philosophical foundations (such as Altruism, Psychological Egoism, and Altruistic Egoism.) of the individual. This study offers three primary contributions. First, it identifies how moral reasoning and traditional ethical theories weigh great implications to a person's decision when disclosing irregularities. Second, the paper shows that whistleblowing has two faces not just purely out of goodness or altruism but there will be self-serving reasons which prompt a person to reveal company or organization's unethical activities. Third, this paper exhibits a whistle-blowing case which is analyzed through the application of Lawrence Kohlberg's Stages of Moral Reasoning.

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Moral Reasoning, Philosophical Foundations; Whistle-blower; Altruism; Psychological Egoism; Altruistic Egoism

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Asrigdara, a condition described in Ayurveda, represents excessive and irregular uterine bleeding, analogous to modern dysfunctional uterine bleeding (DUB) and abnormal uterine bleeding (AUB). The condition, caused by vitiation of Doshas, primarily Pitta and Vata, is addressed through a holistic approach incorporating herbal formulations, Panchakarma therapies, and lifestyle modifications. This review examines the Ayurvedic understanding of Asrigdara, its pathology, management strategies, and its correlation with modern medical concepts of AUB, including hormonal imbalances and uterine structural abnormalities.

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A Review of Asrigdar with Special Reference to Dysfunctional Uterine Bleeding

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