Volume 14 | Issue 2 |

 Abstract

.This study explores the sustainable production of bio enzyme from citrus fruit/kitchen waste using a 4:1:9 ratio of jaggery, organic waste, and water, with yeast supplementation to accelerate anaerobic fermentation in bioreactors. The fermentation process spanned 60 days, yielding a liquid rich in proteases, amylases, and organic acids (pH 3.7-3.5) that enhances nutrient bioavailability. Four treatments were evaluated on Pisum sativum: bio enzyme application (at varying concentrations), inorganic fertilizers (urea and DAP), combined bio enzyme-fertilizer, and control. Results demonstrated comparable plant height, leaf count, and pod yield between bio enzyme and synthetic fertilizer groups, with bio enzyme-treated soil showing 25% higher organic matter and improved water retention.

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Keywords- Bioenzyme, food waste, yeast fermentation, soil fertility, eco-friendly fertilizers

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: The parametric framework of soft set theory was developed by and it is a representation of uncertainty that does not entail the complicated ties of fuzzy and rough set theories. Therefore, it is suitable for multi-attribute decision-making processes. In this paper, a theoretical exploration of core soft set operations, which include AND, OR, union, intersection, complement, and their algebraic properties, is presented. In this process, the practical usefulness of core soft set operations in candidate screening is illustrated and demonstrated as part of the recruitment process. It makes some formalizations of preliminaries, such as soft subsets and null and absolute sets, and proves some major propositions, such as the laws of De Morgan, idempotency, and relations with extremal sets. It uses these operations, through illustrative examples, in a table form to compare job applicants with criteria such as experience, qualification, and ability, and refined selections are made using conjunctive criteria, gap analysis, and broaden search. We find that soft set algebra is consistent with classical theory and has greater uses in decision sciences. The publication is a bridge between the theoretical rigor and practical HR issues of the real world, and it has set the stage of automated transparent recruitment tools.

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Cybersecurity, Risk Assessment, Interval-Valued Intuitionistic Fuzzy Soft Sets, Multi-Criteria Decision-Making, Uncertainty, Algebraic Properties

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This paper highlights that the 13 July 1931, event was a pivotal moment in the region's history.The event is commemorated as a Martyr's Day in kashmir with differing perspective on its significance.While some view it as a symbol of resistance against oppression others see it as a communal riot.

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Muslim Conference, Gilgit Agency, Muslim Outlook, Siyasat, Inqilab, Tauhin-i-Quran,Panjara Sharif

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The effectiveness of exchange rate depreciation as a tool for improving a country's trade balance has long been debated in international economics, particularly through the lens of the Marshall-Lerner condition and the J-curve hypothesis. Against this backdrop, the present study empirically investigates the impact of exchange rate movements on India's trade balance with the objective of testing the validity of the Marshall-Lerner condition in India by analysing the dynamic relationship between the exchange rate movements and trade balance. The time series data spanned from 1990 to 2024, sourced from World Development Indicators. The key variables employed include exports, imports, the NEER, India's gross domestic product (GDP), and world GDP, which together capture the price and income effects influencing trade flows. To ensure methodological rigor, the study first examines the time-series properties of the variables using unit root tests. Co-integration and the vector error correction mechanism (VECM) were used to estimate the short- and long-run parameters. The empirical findings reveal that exchange rate depreciation enhances export performance while reducing import demand in the long run. This finding provides empirical support for the validity of the Marshall-Lerner condition in India. In contrast, the short-run results indicate weak or adverse effects of exchange rate depreciation on the trade balance, lending support to the J-curve hypothesis. Overall, the findings suggest that while exchange rate depreciation may not lead to immediate improvements in India's trade balance, it becomes effective in the long run as trade volumes gradually adjust. The study highlights the importance of complementing exchange rate policy with structural reforms, export diversification, and macroeconomic stability to achieve sustainable external balance.

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Keywords: Marshall-Lerner Condition, Exchange Rate, Vector Error Correction Model, Elasticities.

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Reproductive health is a fundamental component of women's overall well-being and social development. Despite global and national commitments, women's sexual and reproductive health continues to remain neglected, particularly among indigenous and tribal populations. This paper examines the reproductive health status of Galo women in Arunachal Pradesh, with a specific focus on menstrual health and hygiene practices. Using primary data collected from 600 Galo women (300 rural and 300 urban), the study analyzes age at menarche, duration and regularity of menstruation, sanitary practices, frequency of change of menstrual products, disposal methods, menstrual health problems, treatment-seeking behavior, and the persistence of menstrual taboos. The findings reveal notable rural-urban differences in sanitary practices, waste disposal, health-seeking behavior, and adherence to taboos. While the majority of respondents reported regular menstrual cycles and use of sanitary napkins, significant gaps persists in menstrual hygiene management, access to healthcare, and awareness, particularly among rural women. Deep-rooted sociocultural beliefs, economic constraints, and limited health infrastructure continue to shape women's reproductive health experiences. The study underscores the need for culturally sensitive reproductive health interventions, improved health services, and community-based awareness programs to enhance menstrual health and reproductive rights among tribal women.

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Reproductive health, menstrual hygiene, tribal women, Galo community, Arunachal Pradesh, rural-urban comparison

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Market vegetables, being rich in moisture and nutrients, provide an ideal substrate for the colonization and growth of diverse fungal communities. From the time of harvesting, transportation, storage and marketing, vegetables are continuously exposed to environmental and handling related factors resulting into their fungal contamination. During present study, three solanaceous vegetables viz; Tomato, Brinjal and Potato sold in the market of Bilaspur were studied for the presence of fungal flora within them, cut pieces of the vegetable samples were grown on the Czapex-Dox media and the fungal isolates grown over culture plates were purified by the method of single colony isolation. The fungi growing on the three vegetables were identified on the basis of their colony characteristics, morphological features and asexual reproductive characteristics. These were identified as Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus fumigatus, Aspergillus sulphureus, Penicillium albocoremeum, Penicillium chrysogenum, Trichoderma species, Mucor species, Fusarium solani, Rhizopus species, Alternaria alternate and Cladosporium species. The study provides baseline data on fungal diversity in market vegetables sold in the city of Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh. Further the findings emphasize the need for improved postharvest handling, hygiene and monitoring strategies to minimize fungal contamination and ensure safety of market vegetables.

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Solanaceous vegetables, Fungal flora, contamination, postharvest, colony characteristics.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Recent studies demonstrate the growing role of deep neural networks in the automated detection of prominent ocular diseases such as glaucoma, diabetic retinopathy, and cataract. This review examines existing research that applies deep learning techniques to retinal and ocular image analysis for diagnosis and classification of the three fatal diseases: cataract, glaucoma and diabetic retinopathy. Prior works are analyzed in terms of network architectures, imaging modalities, preprocessing methods, and prominent evaluation strategies. The review highlights consistent improvements in diagnostic accuracy achieved through convolutional neural networks and transfer learning approaches. It also reviews the publicly available dataset for cataract, glaucoma and diabetic retinopathy. This review aims to provide insights into current advancements applicable to deep learning-based ophthalmic diagnostic systems.

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Glaucoma, Diabetic retinopathy, Cataract, Disease classification.

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This paper analyses the income patterns, operational costs, and socio-economic status of e-rickshaw drivers in Raipur, Chhattisgarh. Based on primary survey of 100 drivers using a structured questionnaire, the study examines demographic profiles, ownership models, and income patterns. The findings reveal that while e-rickshaws have provided a vital source of employment for the urban poor (migrants and daily wage labourers), the drivers face significant financial stress. A majority of drivers (65%) operate on a rental model, significantly reducing their net savings. The average daily revenue ranges between INR800-INR1,200, but after deducting operational costs and heavy rental/EMI obligations, the net daily disposable income remains low.

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E-rickshaw drivers, socio-economic status, income patterns, Raipur, job opportunities, urban transportation

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Youth activism has increasingly shifted to digital spaces, with social media playing a key role in mobilising voices and sustaining movements. While this has expanded participation and reach, it has also exposed young activists to constant crisis-related content, public scrutiny, and emotional strain. Existing discussions largely focus on movement outcomes, giving limited attention to the emotional costs experienced by youth activists.. This study addresses this gap by examining how activist fatigue is represented in online narratives on youth activism. The main objective of the study is to focus on social media narrative on youth activism and patterns of fatigue. A qualitative design was used, combining a systematic review of twelve peer-reviewed studies published between 2020 and 2024 with an analysis of forty publicly available social media posts related to youth-led movements. A purposive sampling strategy guided the selection of peer-reviewed studies, while social media posts were included based on relevance to activism and fatigue. The combined dataset was analysed using inductive thematic analysis. The findings revealed recurring patterns reflecting emotional strain, sustained pressure, and fluctuating engagement. Based on the discussion, the practical implications highlights the need for supportive structures within activist spaces, including peer support networks, clearer role boundaries, and mental health awareness.

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Youth activism, Digital spaces, Youth activists, Online environments, Emotional strain.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition