Volume 13 | Issue 2 |

 Abstract

In this study, through the analysis of ground water and surface water samples collected from five places in Afzalpur taluk, Kalaburagi district in Karnataka, India. These ground water and surface water samples are collected on June 19th 2024. The main purpose of this analysis is to determine the quality of the ground water and surface water samples collected in Afzalpur taluk. In this water samples we have analysed some physicochemical parameters and heavy metal concentrations. Water samples have been collected by grab sampling. Samples have been collected in sampling bottles made up of PET which is coloured to protect from light, avoiding photosynthesis and preservation of certain compounds. For surface water samples, the sampling bottles were first rinsed with the sample water for about 3 times, after that the bottle is immersed into 10cms below the water surface, and surface water samples are collected. For ground water samples, water is made to run out for about 10 minutes and the sampling bottle is rinsed with sample water for about 3times, and ground water samples are collected. The physicochemical parameters and heavy metal concentrations of ground water and surface water samples collected were analysed in the Global Environment and Mining Services Laboratory, Hosapete, Vijayanagara district, Karnataka. Some of the Physicochemical parameters determined in this analysis are pH, Conductivity, Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), Turbidity, Total Hardness as CaCO3, Calcium(Ca), Magnesium(Mg), Sulphate(SO4), Sodium(Na), Potassium (K), Carbonates, Bicarbonates, Nitrate Nitrogen(NO3), Chloride(Cl), Fluoride(F). Some of the heavy metal concentrations determined are Zinc(Zn), Copper(Cu), Iron(Fe), Lead(Pb), Manganese(Mn), Nickel(Ni). All the analysed data were compared to the WHO standards, ISO standards and IS standards for ground water samples. For surface water samples G.S.R 422 (E) Limits. The main goal of this analysis is to know about the water quality of that particular area were the samples are collected and to know about whether the water samples collected is suitable for drinking purposes.

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Physicochemical studies, heavy metal concentrations, surface water, ground water, water quality analysis.

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

An investigation was undertaken to determine the general clinical prevalence of diseases and disorders in Large (Cattle), small (Goat, Sheep, Pig, Dog and Poultry), clinical and medicine, vaccination, A.I. and anoestrus cases at the Block- Sikrara, Jaunpur, Uttar Pradesh, during the period from April 2023 to March 2024. In subsequent year, the total no. of cases were recorded, in which clinical and medicinal 3624 cases, castration 4855, vaccination were 1.2 lakh (large and small), A.I. was 13554, sexed sorted semen A.I. was done 429 and Anoestrus 133 cases were recorded and analyzed. Diagnosis of each of the cases was made on general examination, physical examination, clinical examination, microscopic examination and using common laboratory techniques. The clinical cases were divided into three groups on the basis of treatment required viz. (1) Medicinal, (2) Gynaeco-obstetrical and (3) Surgical cases. Among the three types of groups, vaccination programme constituted highest (<1.2 lakh) were recorded for different vaccines in different spices (H.S.- 31.25%, F.M.D.- 36.54%, Brucellosis- 3.8%, Swine fever- 0.25%, PPR- 9.5%, LSD- 18.62% and Rabies- 0.19%). In medicinal cases (gastrointestinal nematodiasis, diarrhoea, fascioliasis, paramphistomiasis and fever) were recorded lower in ruminants than small non-ruminant and poultry (ruminant 6.3% and non-ruminant 93.72%). In comparison to gynaeco-obstetrical and anoestrus treatment were recorded 56.39% retained placenta (cattle 30% and goats 50%) and repeat breeding (cattle 70% and goats 50%). Among the medicinal cases, gastrointestinal nematodiasis, diarrhoea, fascioliasis, paramphistomiasis, urolithiasis, abscess, navel ill, gid disease and fever (avg. large animals-16.04% and Small animals 11.22%) were recorded major disease problems in cattle and goats. Under better progenies and breed improvement activity total no.13554 of A.I. were done in this year, in which 27.77% desi and 72.23% cross breeds. Sexed sorted semen programme, the conception rate were 36.06% and 35.27% in cow and buffalo respectively with percentage of female calves were 46.78% and 21.39% respectively. It may conclude that a number of diseases have been occurring in the Sikrara, Jaunpur, U.P. and this report may help to develop control strategies against major diseases reported in this study.

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Clinical prevalence, diseases and disorders, A.I., cattle, goat

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

In this paper, we construct the quantum codes from cyclic codes over the family of finite rings A_(q,s), where q is prime power for arbitrary length n. We obtain self-orthogonal codes over F_q as gray map of linear and cyclic codes over A_(q,s). Finally, we determine the parameters of quantum codes over A_(q,s) in which some of our quantum codes [[2^s n,2k-2^s n,d_L ]]_q are new in literature.

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Quantum codes, Finite rings, cyclic codes, Gray map, CSS codes

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

?????? ???????? ?? ?? ??????? ??? ?? ?? ?? ???? ??????????? ?? ????? ?? ????? ?? ?? ???????? ??????? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ???????? ?? ???? ??????????? ?? ?????? ???? ?????????? ??? ???? ??? ??, ?????, ??????? ??? ??????? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ?????????, ????????? ??? ??????? ??? ?? ??? ???? ??? ???? ???????? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ??? ?? ????? ??? ?? ????? ????? ??? ???? ???????? ?? ?????? ???????? ?? ?????? ???? ??????????? ??, ??? ???? ?? ?????? ????????? ?? ???? ??????????? ?????? ??? ?????????, ????????? ??? ????????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ???? ??? ????????? ???????? ?? ?????? ???? ???????????? ????????? ???????? ?? ?????? ???????? ??? ???? ???????? ?? ?????? ?????1

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

????????? ????????, ?????? ???? , ????????? ??????? ,?????? ,?????? ?????? ,?????? ????????

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

The state of Assam has a glorious legacy of its involvement in the freedom movement of India. Freedom fighters like Gopinath Bordoloi, Puspalata Das, Muhammad Tayyebulla, J.J. Nichols Roy, Basanta Kumar Das, F.A. Ahmed, Rohini Kumar Choudhury, Aksay Kumar Das, Mahendranath Hazarika, Sankarchandra Baruah, Bishnuram Medhi, Hareswar Goswami and many others integrally involved in the freedom movement and dedicated their all energies for the sake of the motherland. On the eve of India's independence, the colonial government conspired to divide India on the basis of religion. The plan was to create group of Indian states and leave them quarreling forever. In such a crucial and troubled juncture, the farsighted leaders of Assam showed their extra ordinary zeal. They had fought to achieve twin objectives - to win over colonial rule and to save Assam to be a part of proposed Pakistan. The present study is an attempt to reveal, analyze and enrich the contents of unsung efforts of the leaders of Assam to achieve twin objectives.

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Assam, Cabinet, Mission, Freedom, Leaders

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) is a versatile and widely used analytical technique for the separation, identification, and quantification of pharmaceutical compounds. This review explores the fundamental principles of HPLC, focusing on its working mechanism, stationary phases, column selection, mobile phase composition, operational conditions, sample injection techniques, detection systems, and data analysis. Additionally, it covers qualitative and quantitative analytical approaches, applications in drug substance and formulation analysis, sample preparation strategies, method development considerations, and chiral HPLC applications. The article concludes with a discussion on recent advancements and future perspectives of HPLC in pharmaceutical research.

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

High-Performance Liquid Chromatography, Analytical Techniques, Method Development, Impurity Profiling, Pharmaceutical Applications

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

This study was conducted on medicinal plants in Taranagar region of Churu district of Rajasthan. Taranagar area is a desert area. The Thar Desert is spread all around here. Extreme cold, extreme heat and low rainfall are the main climatic features here. The researcher has studied on the medicinal plants in this study. The author used various method such as - field study and observation method for this research work. This study provides us useful information about the medicinal plants of Taranagar area. The author has reported a total of 25 medicinal plants in the study area. Among these Giloy (Tinospora cordifolia), Aloevera(Aloe barbadensis miller), Neem (Azadirachta indica), Tulsi (Ocimum sanctum), Aak (Calotropis gigantea), Datura (Datura metal), Khejri (Prosopis cineraria), Kair (Capparis decidua), Satyanashi (Arigmone maxicana) etc. stand out for their diverse pharmacological properties. These plants have been traditionally used to treat conditions such as inflammation, fever, respiratory disorders, skin disease, and immune-related diseases.

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Medicinal plants, traditional medicine, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antioxidant, immune modulator, bioactive compounds, desert, Taranagar, Rajasthan.

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

The Revolt of 1857 was a landmark event in Indian history, often regarded as the First War of Independence. It represented the first large-scale and organized attempt by Indians to overthrow British colonial rule. The rebellion, initiated by sepoys of the British East India Company's army, quickly escalated into a mass uprising involving various sections of Indian society. This paper explores the deep-rooted causes of the revolt, including political annexations, economic exploitation, social and religious disruptions, and military grievances. The paper also provides an in-depth analysis of the key events that unfolded during the rebellion, highlighting the contributions of leaders such as Rani Lakshmibai, Nana Sahib, and Bahadur Shah II. Additionally, it examines the reasons behind the failure of the uprising, including the lack of centralized leadership and limited coordination among rebels. The consequences of the revolt were far-reaching, leading to the dissolution of the East India Company, the end of the Mughal Empire, and the direct control of India by the British Crown. The revolt also ignited nationalist sentiments, setting the stage for future freedom movements. By analyzing the Revolt of 1857, this paper aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of its significance in the broader context of India's struggle for independence.

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Revolt of 1857, First War of Independence, British colonial rule, East India Company, Indian nationalism, sepoy mutiny, military grievances, political annexations, economic exploitation, Rani Lakshmibai, Nana Sahib, Bahadur Shah II.

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

This paper will try to explore the cognitive, legal and social justifications for treating this age group that is Late adolescents as adults. Typically, age group between 18-21 often find themselves in a legal grey area as sometimes they are considered persons who are vulnerable to society and cognitive changes often caught them in perplexed situations where they are not able to understand the consequences of certain acts. Research exploring why late adolescents should be treated as adults in the law typically examines both developmental and social considerations, such as cognitive maturity, legal responsibility, and societal expectations. As we know about the neuroscientific perspective the proponents of this area believes that human brain fully develops till the age of mid-20s but this cannot be a sole basis where they could be treated differently as no such conclusive proof has been established by American psychological Association. Apart from this late adolescence is the phase where there is a sense of legal and social responsibility accompanied by economic and social independence also late adolescents exhibit adult like reasoning ,long term planning ,and moral judgment allowing them to function independently.

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Juvenile Justice system, heinous crimes, cognitive development, late adolescents.

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

Yoga and Mantal Health: A Comparison between Ancient knowledge and Modern Psychology

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Yoga and Mantal Health: A Comparison between Ancient knowledge and Modern Psychology

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition