Volume 14 | Issue 3 |

 Abstract

The process of credit risk evaluation has undergone a paradigm shift owing to the growing adoption of machine learning and deep learning technology in the past few years. In this survey, we conduct a systematic review of 29 peer-reviewed articles published between 2021 and 2025 and develop a comprehensive taxonomy of nine methodological categories that cover conventional machine learning, deep learning models, generative adversarial networks, interpretable artificial intelligence models, reinforcement learning, graph-based learning, multimodal fusion, large language models, and method aggregation. By performing quantitative meta-analysis, we distil three critical findings: Firstly, that ensemble methods have reached optimal performance with a mean AUC of 0.87 (? = 0.07), which represents 11.5% relative improvement compared to logistic regression baselines while being compliant with regulatory requirements. Secondly, that Explainable AI integration through SHAP and LIME frameworks enables transparent audit trails with at most 1% degradation in model accuracy: Random Forest achieves 99% accuracy on benchmark datasets. Lastly, zero-shot large language models underperform traditional methods by up to 26% (0.67 vs. 0.89 mean AUC) due to limitations in structured data reasoning, but allow semantic risk extraction from unstructured sources. Graph-based architectures with CTGAN augmentation yield the top discrimination of 0.99 AUC but incur a training cost of 1000x compared to ensemble methods. We also show that deep learning offers significant advantages only when datasets contain more than 50,000 samples, and that temporal validation is still critically under-explored, with only 15% of studies including out-of-time testing. The current work presents quantitative benchmarks and identifies deploymentcritical research gaps in causal inference, federated learning, and adversarial robustness.

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 Keywords

Credit Score Prediction, Machine Learning, WGAN-GP, Class Imbalance, XGBoost, LightGBM, Ensemble Learning, Financial Technology

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Background: V?ta Do?a is considered the primary regulatory principle governing all physiological movements and functional activities in Ayurveda. Classical Ayurvedic texts describe V?ta as responsible for neural communication, sensory perception, motor activity, respiration, circulation, and excretory functions. These descriptions demonstrate close functional similarity with the regulatory role of the nervous system described in modern neurophysiology. Objective: To analyze the Ayurvedic concept of V?ta Do?a and correlate its physiological functions with modern neurophysiological principles, with special reference to the therapeutic role of Basti therapy. Methods: A narrative integrative review was conducted based on classical Ayurvedic literature, including Charaka Sa?hit? and A????ga H?daya, along with contemporary scientific literature from standard physiology textbooks and peer-reviewed journals related to neurophysiology, enteric nervous system, gut-brain axis, and neuroenteric regulation. Classical descriptions were critically interpreted and correlated with modern scientific concepts. Results: Classical Ayurvedic descriptions identify V?ta Do?a as the governing factor of movement, communication, and coordination within the body. Functional attributes of V?ta show conceptual parallels with neural impulse transmission, autonomic regulation, and systemic physiological integration. The colon (Pakv??aya), described as the principal seat of V?ta, corresponds functionally with the enteric nervous system and gut-brain axis recognized in modern science. Basti therapy, administered at the primary seat of V?ta, may exert therapeutic effects through modulation of enteric neural activity, autonomic balance, and neuroendocrine signaling. Conclusion: An integrative interpretation suggests that V?ta Do?a represents a neurophysiological regulatory principle coordinating bodily functions. Understanding Basti therapy through gut-brain axis mechanisms provides a scientific perspective for traditional Ayurvedic practice and supports the development of integrative therapeutic approaches for neurological and functional disorders.

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V?ta Do?a, Neurophysiology, Nervous System, Basti Therapy, Gut-Brain Axis, Enteric Nervous System.

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The paper explores the psychological aspects of anti-heroism in the works of Emily and Charlotte Brontë: Wuthering Heights and Jane Eyre. It considers how traumatised, repressed, inner conflict characters make heroism psychologically complex in the nineteenth century literature. The Victorian concept of ethical stasis and societal conformity is undermined by characters like Edward Rochester, Jane Eyre, Heathcliff and Catherine Earnshaw. This paper examines the effect of marginalisation, childhood trauma, and repressed emotions on creating anti-heroic identities within psychoanalytic concepts such as Freudian theories, Jungian theories on the shadow self and the traumatic theory. Heathcliff is the anti-hero of destruction, which is dependent on the unresolved anguish and compulsive disorder, whereas Jane Eyre is a character of moral and psychological autonomy. The thesis states that these novels transform anti-heroism as a mere ethical deviation into a complicated psychological state, which makes the inner conflict, identity formation, and emotional conflict a set of the modern literary heroes.

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Psychological Anti-Heroism; Victorian Literature; Trauma and Identity; Psychoanalytic Criticism; Jane Eyre; Wuthering Heights

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This study looks at how different colors shape the way people think about a brand, how they feel when they see it, and how they react to it.The research aimed to understand whether color alone affects brand recognition and buying decisions or if it works together with other branding elements. A survey of 51 respondents was conducted to gather insights. The results show that most people recognize brands through their colors and believe that packaging color influences how they judge product quality. While color plays an important role in shaping perceptions and purchase decisions, it works best when combined with elements like logo, design, and overall brand value. The study highlights that color is not just decorative but a powerful tool in branding and marketing.

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Color psychology, Branding, Consumer Perception

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The artificial intelligence and blockchain-powered intelligent healthcare system is designed to improve the quality of early detection of heart diseases, improve the safety of medical records, and allow remote access to healthcare. The model is based on a decision tree classifier to examine the health parameters of the patients and predict cardiovascular risk. A blockchain-inspired ledger secures the prediction output through SHA-256 hashing and chaining, providing tamper-evident medical record storage. The presence of a combined telemedicine unit will allow patients and doctors to communicate with each other remotely via report access and consultations. The experimental results demonstrate the model's satisfaction and the system's suitability for use in a multi-user environment. The system proposed is more secure, transparent, and accessible than the traditional healthcare platforms.

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Smart Healthcare, Artificial Intelligence, Blockchain, Heart Disease Prediction, Decision Tree, Telemedicine, Secure Medical Records

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The play portrays the Indian emperor, Muhammad-bin-Tughlaq, with visions and ideologies neither of which could be successfully implemented during his reign, degenerating the kingdom and the emperor himself. This paper looks at the play through the symbolisms of chess, Tughlaq's multiple reflections, and the interplay of fact and fiction. It seeks to find out whether the play is one beyond the structured aspect of binaries, namely the real and the ideal, the ethical and the unethical, faith and betrayal, and reason and chaos. Through the paradoxical figure of Tughlaq, it attempts to look at the element of irony implied in every motif of mirror imaging and parallelism employed by Girish Karnad. Through his juxtaposition of history and fiction, Karnad exposes the intertwining of the ideals, and often perplexes the characters as well as the audience with the aspect of truth. The play captures much of the eccentricities of Tughlaq, who went down to be known as the 'wisest fool' in history. However, it also asks whether his decisions were a mere whim of a tyrant, those ahead of his time, or the ones which were poorly executed leading to suspect all of his sanity. What follows is rampant corruption in the kingdom, the ethical dilemma of Tughlaq, and the gradual disillusionment of his people as well as his own.

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 Keywords

binaries, ideal, real, disillusionment, chess, reflections, reason

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EmergyLink is a secure digital healthcare platform designed to manage personal health records and provide intelligent wellness support using modern web technologies and artificial intelligence. The system enables users to store, organize, and access their medical records in a centralized platform while ensuring data privacy and security. The proposed system integrates QR-based emergency access that allows authorized healthcare professionals to retrieve critical patient information during emergencies after proper verification. EmergyLink also includes an AI-based wellness assistant that analyzes health data and provides personalized health insights, reminders, and preventive recommendations. The platform supports secure doctor-patient interaction where doctors can temporarily access patient records through QR authentication for consultation purposes. The system is developed using the MERN stack architecture to ensure scalability, reliability, and efficient healthcare data management. By combining digital health record management, AI-based analysis, and emergency accessibility, EmergyLink aims to improve healthcare accessibility, enhance patient awareness, and support faster medical response in critical situations.

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Personal Health Record, Digital Healthcare System, Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare, QR Code Medical Access, Health Data Management, MERN Stack, Healthcare Security

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Karl Haushofer, a German geopolitician, invented the phrase "Indo-Pacific" in the 1920s. It is referring to the Indian and Pacific Oceans. The Indo-Pacific region includes 38 nations, 44 percent of the world's surface area, 65 percent of the world's population, 46 percent of goods commerce, 55 percent of container trade, and much more. As a result, this area is vital for all countries worldwide. The major stakeholders in this region are India, China, Japan, Australia, and ASEAN. Many countries, including the United States, the United Kingdom, France, ASEAN, and small island states, see India as a counterweight to China's dominance in the Indo-Pacific. Because India has a coastline of over 7,500 kilometres. 90% of global trade by volume and 77% by value of India's trade is carried by sea. India's ambition for the Indo-Pacific is for it to be free, secure, independent, and inclusive. All nations should be followed the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), and international Sea lines of communications (SLOCs) should be secured. The Indo-Pacific region is particularly important for both importing and exporting countries because if one country controls this area, it influences global commerce. As a consequence, via efforts such as the Quad Alliance, the AUKUS alliance, and the ASEAN perspective for the Indo-Pacific and East Asia Summit, the big powers, with the collaboration of India and other middle-power nations, promote a free Indo-Pacific area. Under the Indo-Pacific Oceans Initiative, India also has a SAGAR Initiative. The recent COVID-19 pandemic outbreak devastated the world. Many challenges emerge as a result of COVID-19, including poverty, medical shortages, oxygen supply shortages, economic turmoil in many nations, and vaccination shortages. This study primarily focuses on India's strategy in COVID-19 for Indo-Pacific countries, intending to investigate the relationship between India and ASEAN countries, and how India assisted East Asian and Southeast Asian countries.

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 Keywords

Indo-pacific, United Nation Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), International Sea Lines of Communications (SLOCs), QUAD, SAGAR Initiative, COVID-19, India, ASEAN, AUKUS Alliance

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Liver cirrhosis, conceptualized in the Unani System of Medicine (USM) as Talazzuz al-Kabid or Segar-e-Jigar, represents a catastrophic structural transformation and shrinkage of the liver parenchyma. This narrative review provides an exhaustive synthesis of classical Unani perspectives, tracing the evolution of hepatic pathology from the Greek foundational period to the refined clinical observations of the 19th-century Indian subcontinent. The pathogenesis is critically analyzed through the framework of humoral imbalance (Su-e-Mizaj), specifically the pathological dominance of Sauda (black bile) and chronic Sudad (obstructions) within the hepatic vasculature. This manuscript integrates the therapeutic principles of Tanqiya (evacuation) and Taqwiyat (tonification), utilizing potent deobstruent (Muftta-eh-Sudad) and hepatotonic (Muqawwi-e-Jigar) drugs. A systematic comparison with modern pathophysiology, specifically fibrosis, portal hypertension, and hepatocellular failure, reveals a sophisticated alignment between traditional humoral theory and modern histological transformations. Furthermore, recent clinical evidence documenting the efficacy of complex polyherbal decoctions and distillates (Araqiyat) in improving Fibroscan-measured liver stiffness and biochemical parameters is synthesized. The review underscores the conceptual depth of Unani medicine in managing end-stage liver disease and advocates for a multi-dimensional integrative approach to combat the global burden of hepatic cirrhosis.

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Unani Medicine, Talazzuz al-Kabid, Liver Cirrhosis, Segar-e-Jigar, Humoral Theory.

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This paper examines Amitav Ghosh's The Hungry Tide (2004) as a significant work of eco-literature that foregrounds the intricate relationship between human life, non-human species and fragile ecosystems. Set in the Sundarbans, one of the most ecologically sensitive regions in the world, the novel portrays nature not as a passive backdrop but as a dynamic, unpredictable force that shapes human existence. Drawing on ecocritical theory, this study explores how Ghosh interrogates anthropocentrism, environmental ethics and the politics of conservation. The novel highlights the tensions between scientific conservation, indigenous ecological knowledge and the survival needs of marginalized communities. By weaving together narratives of displacement, human-animal conflict and environmental vulnerability, The Hungry Tide challenges dominant environmental discourses that often exclude subaltern voices. The paper argues that Ghosh expands the scope of eco-literature by situating ecological concerns within postcolonial realities, revealing how environmental preservation can become a tool of power and exclusion. Through its emphasis on coexistence rather than domination, the novel calls for an inclusive ecological consciousness that recognizes both human and non-human agency. In the context of contemporary climate crises and ecological displacement, The Hungry Tide emerges as a vital literary intervention that redefines environmental responsibility and ethical engagement with nature.

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 Keywords

Eco-literature, Ecocriticism, Environmental Ethics, Sundarbans and Postcolonial Ecology.

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