Volume 14 | Issue 4 |

 Abstract

In fluid flow the governing equations are non-linear partial differential equation. In some cases using the similarity transformations the set of partial differential equations are transformed to non-linear ordinary differential equations. Numerical solutions to set of ordinary differential equations are computed using Runge-Kutta methods. In many cases the transformation of ordinary differential equations are not possible, there is need to compute solution in the physical domain using finite difference, finite volume and finite element methods. All these methods op- erate on the grid, breaking the domain into sub-domains or control volumes. The structured grid the neighbouring nodes are known using index. For simpler domains algebraic grid generation is used to compute grid. For complex domains the elliptic grid generation is used to compute grid. In this paper a 2-D grid with enclosed semi-circle is considered for grid generation.

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 Keywords

Elliptic grid, structured grid, (?, ?) plane, (x, y) plane

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India has emerged as one of the world's fastest-growing economies, ranking among the leading nations in terms of both Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and Purchasing Power Parity (PPP). In this context, the Government of India launched the Make in India initiative on 25 September 2014 under the leadership of Prime Minister Narendra Modi with the objective of transforming India into a global manufacturing hub. The initiative seeks to enhance manufacturing competitiveness, attract foreign direct investment (FDI), promote innovation, strengthen infrastructure, generate employment opportunities, and improve the ease of doing business. By focusing on key industrial sectors, the programme aims to increase the contribution of manufacturing to national output and integrate India more effectively into global value chains. This paper examines the major opportunities and challenges associated with the Make in India initiative and evaluates its impact on India's manufacturing sector and overall economic development. The study employs a descriptive and analytical approach based on secondary data collected from government reports, policy documents, academic literature, and industry publications. The findings reveal that the initiative has contributed significantly to increased FDI inflows, industrial growth, startup development, technological advancement, and employment generation. However, several challenges continue to hinder its full potential, including infrastructural deficiencies, skill gaps, regulatory complexities, land acquisition issues, supply chain constraints, and global economic uncertainties. The paper further explores the future prospects of India's manufacturing transformation in the context of emerging technologies, digitalization, sustainable industrial practices, and evolving global production networks. It concludes that while the Make in India initiative has laid a strong foundation for industrial development, sustained policy reforms, investment in human capital, infrastructure modernization, and innovation-driven growth strategies are essential to realizing India's ambition of becoming a leading global manufacturing powerhouse.

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 Keywords

Make in India, Manufacturing Transformation, Foreign Direct Investment, Industrial Development, Economic Growth, Employment Generation.

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As India approaches the centenary of its independence in 2047, the vision of Viksit Bharat (Developed India) represents a transformative national agenda aimed at achieving comprehensive socio-economic progress, global competitiveness, and sustainable development. The vision extends beyond economic expansion to encompass social inclusion, technological innovation, environmental sustainability, good governance, and human development. Realizing this ambitious goal requires addressing persistent structural challenges while effectively leveraging emerging opportunities in a rapidly evolving global landscape. Despite being one of the world's fastest-growing economies, India continues to face significant developmental constraints, including unemployment, regional disparities, infrastructural deficits, skill gaps, income inequality, and governance inefficiencies. Simultaneously, the country possesses immense potential in the form of its demographic dividend, digital transformation, entrepreneurial ecosystem, technological advancements, and expanding global influence. The successful realization of Viksit Bharat 2047 depends on the formulation and implementation of integrated policies that promote inclusive growth, strengthen institutional capacity, foster innovation, and ensure environmental resilience.This paper critically examines the key challenges and opportunities shaping India's developmental trajectory toward 2047. Drawing upon contemporary policy initiatives, development theories, and international best practices, the study proposes a strategic roadmap for achieving sustainable, equitable, and innovation-driven growth. The paper argues that a coordinated approach involving government, industry, academia, and civil society is essential for translating the vision of Viksit Bharat into reality. By providing a comprehensive analytical framework, the study contributes to the ongoing discourse on India's transformation into a developed, prosperous, and globally influential nation by 2047.

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 Keywords

Viksit Bharat 2047, Socio-Economic Transformation, Inclusive Development, Sustainable Growth, Digital India, Governance Reforms, Human Capital, Strategic Roadmap.

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The rapid expansion of Internet of Things (IoT) systems has led to increased demand for intelligent, energy-efficient, and scalable solutions for real-time monitoring and anomaly detection. Traditional cloud-based architectures suffer from high latency, excessive energy consumption, and network dependency. This paper proposes an energy-aware anomaly detection system based on Tiny Machine Learning (TinyML) deployed on an ESP32 microcontroller. The system utilizes MPU6050 sensor data to detect vibration anomalies and employs a lightweight TinyML model for local inference. To reduce communication overhead, LoRa (RA-02 SX1278) is used to transmit only relevant anomaly data over long distances with minimal power consumption. Additionally, a TP4056 battery management module is integrated to ensure efficient energy utilization and portability. The proposed system demonstrates the effectiveness of edge-based intelligence in reducing energy consumption and improving real-time performance. A Python-based dashboard is developed for visualization, displaying time-series data, anomaly status, and historical records. Furthermore, a conceptual implementation of federated learning is introduced, where multiple nodes operate independently and share summarized insights instead of raw data. The results show that the system significantly reduces unnecessary data transmission while maintaining reliable anomaly detection, making it suitable for energy-constrained IoT applications.

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 Keywords

TinyML, IoT, ESP32, LoRa, Anomaly Detection, Edge Computing, Energy-Aware Systems, Federated Learning

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Urban Co-operative Credit Societies (UCCS) play a crucial role in providing financial services to small businesses, individuals, and lower-income groups. However, their financial sustainability depends significantly on efficient Asset and Liability Management (ALM). This study examines the movement of assets and liabilities in UCCS within Solapur District, Maharashtra, focusing on their impact on financial risk management, liquidity, and overall stability. Using primary data collected from 320 UCCS, various statistical tools such as descriptive analysis, reliability tests, factor analysis, and chi-square tests were applied to evaluate financial strategies and risk mitigation practices. The findings indicate that many UCCS face challenges in liquidity management, policy formulation, and risk assessment, leading to financial instability. While some societies have established monitoring mechanisms and periodic audits, gaps remain in adopting data-driven financial strategies. The hypothesis testing confirms that the movement of assets and liabilities significantly impacts financial risk management. The study recommends enhanced financial planning, use of technology-driven financial tools, regulatory compliance, and regular audits to ensure long-term sustainability.

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Urban Co-operative Credit Societies, Asset and Liability Management, Financial Risk, Liquidity, Financial Sustainability, Risk Mitigation

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 Abstract

Domestic violence is one of the prevalent problems around the world and India is not an exception. It is conducted as a methodical approach to cause power and control in the confines of a house that may lead to fear, trauma and physical or emotional injuries to the victims. Motivation to commit domestic violence may be quite diverse as it can be associated with the preservation of power relations in relationships as well as the satisfaction of individual needs at the cost of other people. The prevalent domestic violence in the Indian scenario involves women perpetuated by their husbands or male relatives. It is necessary to admit that domestic violence can happen to any person, no matter his or her gender, age or sexual orientation. When domestic violence is mentioned, it is a procedural approach to gaining fear and inferiority on a person within a domestic environment, a family. The motive of this violence may be associated with the urge to uphold the power system of a person over the other or the intent to intimidate/force another person to self-gratify. Domestic Violence in India normally implies violence experienced by a person at the hands of his biological family but in particular refers to violence experienced by women at the hands of the male members or kinsmen of her family. Under the Indian law, Domestic Violence is best and most detailed defined in the Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act (PWDVA), 2005 - Section 31. Domestic Violence, according to the law, is not only physical hitting, but any other action, failure to act or behavior that harms or puts at risk the health, safety, or well being of a woman

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Family law, Domestic Violence

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The increasing participation of women in the workforce and changing socio-economic conditions have contributed significantly to the rise of dual-career families in India. In Odisha, particularly in Nayagarh district, dual-income households are becoming increasingly common among teachers, healthcare workers, government employees, bankers, and private-sector professionals. The present study examines parenting practices, work-family balance, child-rearing patterns, and psychosocial challenges among dual-career families in Nayagarh district. A descriptive survey method was adopted with a sample of 120 dual-career couples selected through purposive sampling. Data were collected using structured questionnaires and interview schedules. Statistical tools such as percentage analysis, mean score analysis, chi-square test, and correlation analysis were used to interpret the data. The findings reveal that while dual-career families experience better economic stability and educational opportunities for children, they also face significant parenting challenges related to time constraints, emotional stress, academic supervision, and work-family conflict. The study further identifies gender disparities in household responsibilities and highlights adaptive strategies adopted by working parents. The research concludes that institutional support, flexible work policies, and shared parenting are essential for healthy family functioning in dual-career households.

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Dual-career family, parenting, work-life balance, child-rearing, Nayagarh district, Odisha, family stress.

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Self-Realization plays a critical role in successful learning. It is important to study self-realization activity and development to determine how students can be taught to better apply their realization resources better through Self-Realization control. Learning is influenced by several factors including inadequate prior knowledge, poor study skills and problems with maintaining sustained attention, cultural or language difference or the presence of learning difficulty. On the process of instructing learners to improve the learning process, distinctions can be made between realization and Self-Realization strategies. High and low level of students in respect to self-realization capacity, this test is helpful in identifying students with poor self-realization level who may need counselling or training to help them to move towards high achievement. THIS PAPER DEALS A STUDY ON SELF-REALIZATION CAPACITY AMONG COLLEGE STUDENTS IN KARUR DISTRICT-

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SELF -REALIZATION, CAPACITY, STRATAGIES

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The increasing visibility of protests and agitations by visually impaired students in Indian universities has highlighted both the progress and persistent gaps in accessibility in higher education. Despite the legislative promise of the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (RPwD) Act, 2016, which mandates inclusive infrastructure, reasonable accommodation, and equitable participation, systemic non-compliance remains widespread. Instances from institutions such as Panjab University, Jawaharlal Nehru University, Banaras Hindu University, Jadavpur University, and Cotton University reveal recurring grievances regarding inaccessible study materials, lack of digital and physical accommodations, inadequate hostel facilities, and unsafe campus environments. At the same time, certain episodes reveal behavioural complexities--such as prolonged occupation of hostels, confrontational protests, and contested uses of the RPwD Act--raising questions about dependency, entitlement, and maladaptive coping responses among students. This paper examines the causes, manifestations, and remedies of such agitations through a mixed-methods framework that integrates case study analysis, surveys, interviews, and psychosocial assessments. It explores the interplay between structural exclusion (infrastructural, digital, and institutional) and psychological responses (stress, frustration, dependency behaviours), which together fuel cycles of conflict between students and university authorities. The study further examines the dual role of the RPwD Act as both an instrument of empowerment and a source of contention. The paper concludes with recommendations for balanced reforms--ranging from accessibility audits and institutional policy clarity to counselling interventions and community-based support--that can transform adversarial dynamics into constructive inclusion.

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Visually impaired students, RPwD Act 2016, higher education, accessibility, agitation, malpsychology

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With Asian multinational corporations (MNCs) capturing a growing portion of the global market, they confront a significant internal issue referred to as the "Lingua Franca Paradox." Although English acts as the formal corporate language, the profound diversity of more than 2,300 regional languages--accounting for about 32% of the global linguistic count--and high-context cultural standards fosters a Strategic Echo Chamber. This paper explores how language obstacles go beyond mere vocabulary problems to create systemic dangers that hinder organizational alignment and innovation, frequently leading to a gap where the explicit meaning of terms is grasped, but the deeper cultural significance is misunderstood. Our qualitative examination of corporate communication evaluations and linguistic theory reveals three key friction points that hinder global operations. The initial barrier is the High-Context "Quiet" Barrier, where direct translations frequently miss implicit situational cues, resulting in a breakdown of psychological safety and local involvement. Additionally, linguistic gaps serve as structural and psychological catalysts, forming "Information Silos" that confine essential data within language-specific communities. This leads to "Strategic Drift" as intricate executive directives are either oversimplified or misrepresented to align with the language skills of local teams. Ultimately, the Hyper-Localization Movement, spurred by the emergence of regional scripts and super-apps, complicates global coordination and renders it more challenging to uphold a unified vision across various subsidiaries. To address these risks, this document suggests a three-pillar framework for a stronger communication architecture. We suggest adopting a Layered Glocal Protocol, progressing from "English-only" requirements to embrace context-sensitive templates and approved local-language creative spaces that honor cultural subtleties. Furthermore, digital integration through AI Bridges, like Enterprise Neural Machine Translation (NMT) and real-time AI captioning, can greatly lessen the cognitive load for non-native speakers and maintain strategic alignment. Ultimately, embedding Cultural Intelligence (CQ) through "Linguistic Reverse-Mentorship" initiatives and incorporating CQ metrics into leadership KPIs will guarantee that strategic directives resonate across all tiers. By converting linguistic diversity from a point of conflict into a valuable advantage, Asian MNCs can bridge the divide between the headquarters' vision and local implementation.

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 Keywords

Linguistic Barriers, Cross-Cultural Communication, Lingua Franca Paradox, Strategic Drift, Cultural Intelligence (CQ)

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition