Volume 14 | Issue 4 |

 Abstract

While technological developments continue to advance, the divide in the quality of education remains a problem in developing countries. The problem is not only the infrastructure in the developing country, but the language barrier as well. Therefore, this essay will analyze the architecture of the "Rural Gyan Platform" educational solution that is created to tackle the existing issues in education in developing countries. To begin with, this platform utilizes the latest technology stack (React.js - Client-side; Node.js, Express.js - Server; MongoDB - data persistence; Socket.io - real-time communications), which enables the platform to provide a full-stack educational software product. This particular platform is meant to resolve some of the unique issues that arise in the context of developing countries, namely, low-speed internet, language issues, and lack of interactive digital learning tools. As for the architecture of Rural Gyan, this educational software uses a highly developed role-based system, providing Administrators, Teachers, and Students with their personal dashboards. What makes this project stand out among other similar projects is the possibility of creating the virtual classroom through peer-to-peer connection using WebRTC, avoiding all the potential issues related to overloaded relay servers because of insufficient bandwidth. Another thing worth noting is the fact that the use of the Google's Gemini large language model allows introducing the multimodal AI tutor. Lastly, it should be said that the platform avoids language barriers, providing built-in bilingual support (react-i18next and live translations from Google).

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 Keywords

WebRTC, Artificial Intelligence, Educational Technology, Socket.io, React.js, Full-Stack Development, Peerto-Peer Networks.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

Abstract: The Namasudra are the second largest populated sub-caste among the Scheduled Caste Community in West Bengal. Originally Namasudra Community lived in the eastern part of the undivided Bengal. They are most numerous in the Decca and Presidency divisions, particularly in the districts of Bakharganj, Faridpur, Jessore, and Khulna, Decca, Maymensingh, which contained in 1901, 75.08 percent of this caste group of 1,852,371. The introduction of various new facilities to the specific class, caste group, communities by the colonial government inspired them to launch socio-religious movement which took the shape of caste consolidation movement during the late nineteenth and first half of the twentieth century. In this movement there was a significant role of Sri Sri Hari Chand Thakur and Sri Sri Guru Chand Thakur for the overall development of the depressed and downtrodden people in the society specially for the upliftment of the Namasudras.

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 Keywords

Keywords: Namasudra, Chandal, Identity, Discrimination, Protest, Hari Chand, Matua, Upliftment.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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This research paper takes a deep, thorough look at India's complicated legal framework around sex work, examining it through the lens of evolving international law and human rights standards. The central argument is that India's main law on the subject--the Immoral Traffic (Prevention) Act of 1956--is outdated and does more harm than good. Born out of a mid20th century abolitionist mindset, the ITPA has created a system where sex work is effectively criminalised, making workers more vulnerable, more stigmatised, and more exposed to exploitation--all while failing to actually stop trafficking or provide real rehabilitation.The paper starts by tracing the history of Indian law in this area, from the colonial Contagious Diseases Acts to the post independence SITA and its eventual evolution into the ITPA. It then goes section by section through the ITPA, unpacking its internal contradictions and the unintended consequences of its provisions. From there, it looks at how the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, constitutional case law, and local municipal laws add even more layers of control and harassment.The analysis then shifts to the international scene, tracking the shift from the abolitionist 1949 UN Trafficking Convention to the Palermo Protocol--a turning point that made a crucial distinction between trafficking and voluntary sex work. The paper also explores the clear guidance from human rights and public health bodies like the CEDAW Committee and UNAIDS, both of which have explicitly called for decriminalization. By pulling together domestic and international law, the paper shows just how deeply the ITPA model has failed. It concludes that the only real way forward is a rights based approach: decriminalising adult, consensual sex work, pairing that with strong anti-trafficking enforcement, and putting in place genuine social inclusion policies. Only then can India protect the dignity, health, and safety of sex workers.

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 Keywords

Prostitution, Sex Work, Immoral Traffic (Prevention) Act, ITPA, Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, Trafficking, Decriminalisation, Legalisation, Human Rights, CEDAW, Palermo Protocol, Public Health, Constitutional Law

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Background: Depression is a leading cause of psychological morbidity among the elderly people residing in old age homes. With increasing global ageing and breakdown of traditional family systems, elderly individuals are facing social isolation. 14.1% elderly adult people are affected by mental disorders globally. Method: This review aims to estimate the magnitude of depression among elderly people residing in old age homes as identified from the observational studies published between 2015 and 2025. Data were extracted on study characteristics, sample size, diagnostic tools, and prevalence of depression by searching databases including PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar. Results: The prevalence of depression ranged from 23% to 60%, with an average prevalence of approximately 38% across studies. Higher prevalence was observed in low- and middle-income countries, particularly India. Key determinants included loneliness, chronic illness, functional impairment, female gender, and prolonged institutional stay. Depression among elderly residents of old age homes is highly prevalent.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Depression, Elderly, Old Age Homes, Prevalence

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Abstract-- Phishing continues to pose a serious challenge in cybersecurity, where attackers manipulate deceptive URLs to obtain confidential user information [1], [2]. This paper proposes a machine learning framework for phishing versus authentic URL detection using lexical URL features [9], [10]. The study follows a mixed-method design: an Experimental Research Method is used to build and evaluate machine learning models, and a Survey Research Method is used to analyze user awareness and behaviors toward suspicious links [20], [21]. URLs are preprocessed and transformed into eight computationally inexpensive lexical features including URL length, digit count, dot count, hyphen count, slash count, parameter count, subdomain count, and HTTPS presence [5], [6]. Logistic Regression is selected for interpretability, while Random Forest is selected for modeling non-linearity and robustness [15], [16]. Experiments on a dataset of 22,783 URLs achieved 0.9388 accuracy using Logistic Regression and 0.9382 accuracy using Random Forest, respectively, with ROC-AUC reaching 0.9411. Survey findings indicate users often trust weak safety cues such as HTTPS and frequently ignore registered domain verification, increasing phishing susceptibility [11], [12]. The results demonstrate that lexical- feature-based models can support practical phishing URL detection and awareness-driven security recommendations [10], [26].

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Keywords-- phishing detection, URL classification, lexical features, Logistic Regression, Random Forest, PhishTank-style feeds, Tranco, user survey.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Evidence-based nursing (EBN) is increasingly recognized as a vital approach to improving clinical outcomes. This study evaluated the impact of EBN interventions on postoperative recovery, pain control, and complication rates among patients undergoing abdominal surgery. Using a quasi-experimental design, 60 patients were assigned to either an intervention group receiving EBN-guided care or a control group receiving standard care. Recovery was assessed through functional recovery scores, pain levels, and incidence of complications. Findings indicated that the intervention group experienced faster recovery, better pain management, and fewer postoperative complications. These results emphasize the importance of integrating evidence-based nursing practices into routine postoperative care to optimize patient outcomes

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Evidence-Based Nursing, Postoperative Care, Patient Recovery, Pain Management, Nursing Interventions, Complication Prevention

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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The present study aimed to examine the relationship between political interest and motivational dimensions among students of higher education. Grounded in David C. McClelland's theory of needs, the study focused on overall motivation and its components--power, achievement, and affiliation motivation. A quantitative research design was employed, and data were collected from a sample of 564 higher education students using standardized tools. The analysis was conducted using Pearson's correlation coefficient to determine the relationship between political interest and different motivational variables. The findings revealed a significant positive relationship between political interest and overall motivation (r = 0.409, p < 0.01), indicating that students with higher political interest tend to exhibit greater motivation. Similarly, political interest was found to be positively correlated with power motivation (r = 0.391, p < 0.01) and achievement motivation (r = 0.329, p < 0.01), suggesting that politically interested students are more inclined toward leadership, influence, and goal-oriented behavior. A weaker yet significant positive relationship was observed between political interest and affiliation motivation (r = 0.175, p < 0.01), indicating a relatively lower association with social bonding needs. Overall, the results highlight that political interest plays a significant role in shaping students' motivational patterns, particularly in enhancing power and achievement motives. The study underscores the importance of promoting political awareness and civic engagement within educational settings to foster motivated and responsible individuals. These findings have important implications for educators and policymakers in designing curriculum and activities that integrate political and civic learning with motivational development.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Political interest, Psychological needs, Motivation, Higher education students.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

Skin infections related to bacteria are most commonly found in surrounding environment. In such cases the significant attention to provide curative actions and maintenance of proper health hygiene is required. Some of the natural extracts obtained from herbal plants possess antibacterial activity. The paper soap is most used handwash preparation in this article formulate antibacterial paper soap with eucalyptus oil and evaluate their parameter and in-vivo antibacterial activity. However, aroma therapy is pleasant, eco-friendly and reduced number of side effects. The study indicates that the evaluated paper soap contain may be antimicrobial properties and this can contribute the curative and preventive actions for skin infections caused by bacteria if well balanced quantity of natural excipient and reagents to target particular contribute organisms and packaged with proper guidance for utilization and storage. The present study focuses on the formulation and evaluation of paper soap enriched with natural extracts to provide effective cleansing while offering medicinal and skincare benefits. Extracts such as, Eucalyptus leaves and other ingredients were incorporated into the soap formulation to enhance its antibacterial, antifungal, and moisturizing properties. The soap was prepared by impregnating the formulation onto a biodegradable paper base to create a portable and eco-friendly alternative to conventional soaps.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Soap paper, Anti bacterial, Eucalyptus oil.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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The paper examines the current state of the Ukrainian electric vehicle market and the main directions of its development. It is shown that interest in cars with an electric engine is gradually growing, which is associated with increased attention to ecology, fuel economy and the development of new technologies. For a better understanding of the situation, data was used that clearly demonstrate changes in the electric vehicle market. Separately, it is analyzed how the number of electric vehicle registrations has changed, as well as how they are distributed depending on the year of manufacture, type of charging and region. This allows us to see the general trends in the spread of electric vehicles in Ukraine and identify the regions where they are used most actively. This approach helps to assess the level of development of electric transport in the country. The paper also identifies the main advantages of using electric vehicles, in particular their environmental friendliness, lower operating costs and convenience in an urban environment. In addition, the state of the charging infrastructure, its role in the spread of electric vehicles and its significance for the further development of this market in Ukraine are considered.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

electric vehicle market, automotive business, car dealerships, business development, electric vehicle sales, consumer demand, vehicle registration, electric transport, automotive business, car dealerships, electric vehicle sales.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Effective nurse-patient communication is a fundamental component of quality healthcare delivery. This study explores the relationship between communication practices of nurses and patient recovery outcomes in medical-surgical units. A quantitative descriptive design was employed, involving 120 patients and 40 registered nurses from a tertiary care hospital. Data were collected using structured questionnaires and patient recovery assessment scales. Results indicated a significant positive correlation between effective communication and improved patient recovery indicators, including reduced anxiety, shorter hospital stays, and higher patient satisfaction. The study highlights the importance of communication training in nursing practice and recommends integrating communication skill development into continuing nursing education programs.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Nurse-patient communication, patient recovery outcomes, medical-surgical units, patient satisfaction, hospital stay duration, anxiety reduction, nursing care quality, therapeutic communication, healthcare outcomes, nursing education, communication skills training

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition