Volume 14 | Issue 4 |

 Abstract

Background: Exposure of pregnant women to atmospheric pollutants (AP) in both open and closed environments has an adverse effect upon the early development of the foetus leading to preterm delivery, low placental weight, premature deaths, which occur due to oxidative stress. Objective: The present cross-sectional study was undertaken to investigate the lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity in mother blood, placenta and cord blood. Mothers with normal and singleton pregnancy were selected from thickly populated, traffic-congested, industrial and remote rural areas of Odisha, India. Methods: The Air Quality Index of three study areas was collected from the Odisha State Pollution Control Board (OSPCB), Bhubaneswar. Maternal venous blood was collected prior to and cord blood, placental tissue was collected immediately after delivery. The effect of air pollution on the placental tissue was analysed by histopathological study and photographed by fluorescent microscope. The estimation of LDH level in serum was done by using Boils 24i automated clinical chemistry analyzer. Results: Significant increase of LDH level in maternal and cord blood of heavy traffic congestion areas and industrial areas was recorded in comparison to rural non-industrial areas. The histopathological study of placenta showed presence of PM2.5 and less number of villi in heavy traffic and industrial areas as compared to non-industrial areas (Das P et al., 2022). Conclusion: Our findings advocate that the exposure of pregnant women to air pollution may adversely affect the growth and development of foetus in highly polluted areas. More studies are required for confirmation.

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Key words: Placenta, villi, Lactate dehydrogenase, Air Pollution

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In this fast-growing world of modernity, Tech adaptation and IT industrial competitive race modules have pushed the definitions of workforce into an unimaginable standpoint. With the emerging ease of transportation, sedentary workstyle and exhaustive working hours, the exponential rise of non-communicable diseases evokes significant discussions on Physical and Mental health. Thereby, therapeutic interventions via Yoga practices like Pranayama can serve vital utility in addressing the health - work life balance issue. This study examined the effects of an eight-week structured pranayama intervention on perceived stress, sleep quality, and selected cardiovascular parameters among urban information technology (IT) professionals. A randomised controlled pre-test post-test design was employed with 60 participants (aged 25-40 years, M = 31.7, SD = 4.5) drawn from the IT industrial corridor of Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala. Participants were randomly allocated to an experimental group (n = 30) receiving a progressive pranayama protocol comprising Nadi Shodhana, Bhramari, Kapalabhati, Ujjayi, and a control group (n = 30) maintaining existing lifestyle routines. Outcome measures included the Perceived Stress Scale-10 (PSS-10; Cohen et al., 1983), the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI; Buysse et al., 1989), resting systolic and diastolic blood pressure, and resting heart rate. Post-intervention analysis revealed statistically significant reductions in perceived stress (p < .001), improved sleep quality (p < .001), and meaningful decreases in both blood pressure and resting heart rate (p < .01) in the experimental group. The control group showed no significant change across any parameter. Effect sizes ranged from moderate to large (Cohen's d = 0.97-2.76). Findings support the clinical utility of regulated pranayama practice as a non-pharmacological response to occupational stress. The study situates its argument within classical Indian philosophical frameworks and contemporary autonomic neuroscience, proposing structured pranayama as a viable component of workplace health programmes.

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pranayama, occupational stress, autonomic nervous system, Nadi Shodhana, Perceived Stress Scale, sleep quality, yoga therapy

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The research paper presents a combined financial evaluation of the Vignan Vidyalayas Limited. (VVL) hostel unit over five year financial period from 2020 to 2024. Using an ex-post facto research design and longitudinal time-series analysis, the study investigates the unit's transformation from a pandemic-induced operational shutdown to a state of robust financial independence. The analysis utilizes two primary tools: Comparative and Common-Size Analysis to diagnose shifts in revenue, cost structures, and capital employment. The empirical results confirm a significant "U-shaped" recovery, with gross income rising from Rs. 55,137,007 in 2021 to a record of Rs. 224,241,179 by 2024. A key finding of the study is the successful deleveraging of the institution; the unit transformed its capital structure by reducing bank borrowings from 47.68% in 2022 to 25.96% by 2024, effectively moving toward a self-funded model. While the unit achieve a high occupancy rate of 94.5%, the research identifies a new challenge in "expense inflation," where rising operational expenses are beginning to outpace stable income. The paper concludes that while VVL has built a structurally sound foundation, future sustainability depends on strict operational cost control and strategic fee management.

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Financial Resilience; Educational Auxiliary Services; Ex-Post Facto Longitudinal Analysis; Comparative Analysis; Common-Size Analysis.

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The automotive emission norms under the Bharat Stage 6.2 have led to transformed attention on alternative fuels like Compressed Natural Gas (CNG), which offer cleaner combustion. However, maintaining the Bharat Stage 6.2 pollutant levels requires a fine balance between combustion stability and after-treatment performance. This experimental study evaluate effects of lambda variations on engine-out emissions and catalyst conversion efficiency in a BS 6.2-compliant multi-cylinder CNG engine. The experimental work was performed on a fully instrumented test bench using ETAS INCA for ECU-based ? control and a HORIBA MEXA-ONE analyzer for emission measurement of CO, NOx, THC, and CH? at steady-state load and speed points. By systematically ? sweeping from 0.95 to 1.05 in steps of lambda 0.01, the study establishes clear relationships between air-fuel ratio, combustion behaviors, emission formation, and TWC conversion efficiency under rich, stoichiometric, and lean conditions, and identified the optimal ? range is 0.98 to 1.01. The findings indicate that at ? = 0.98, CO, CH?, and NMHC are higher due to incomplete combustion, while NOx is lower. At ? = 0.99, all CO, CH?, NMHC, and NOx emissions improve significantly. At ? = 1.00, all emissions are well balanced and remain within BS 6.2 limits. However, at ? = 1.01, NOx increases sharply, which is above BS 6.2 limits due to excess oxygen and reduced catalyst efficiency in lean conditions. The test results indicate that the optimal lambda range lies between ? ? 0.99-1.00, where both oxidation and reduction reactions occur effectively in the TWC, confirming that maintaining lambda near stoichiometric conditions is essential for achieving stable combustion, maximum catalyst efficiency, and compliance with BS 6.2 emission norms.

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CNG engine, Lambda (?), CNG Engine, Three-Way Catalyst (TWC), BS 6.2 Emissions, WHTC, Air-Fuel Ratio, NOx Emissions, CO Emissions, Hydrocarbons (THC, CH?), Catalyst Efficiency.

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Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) present significant health challenges due to its different response to treatment. Personalized therapy approaches for managing type 2 diabetes is studied in this systematic review. Precision medicine uses digital technologies, biomarkers, lifestyle factors, and genetic profiles to provide therapy to each person for better results. One of the most important areas is pharmacogenomics, which looks for gene variants that affect drugs like metformin and sulfonylureas to help people select the right drug and dose. Biomarkers such as C-peptide and HbA1c changes how doctors conclude on treatment. Customized medication classes meet the persons needs. For example, SGLT2 inhibitors are for people with heart or kidney problems ,and GLP-1 receptor agonists are for people who are obese. Digital health devoplments like AI algorithms and constant glucose monitoring give you real-time data so you can make changes before they happen. Lifestyle management asses environmental factors and nutrigenomics to make them more efficient. Implementation is obstructed by the high costs of genetic testing, constrained access in developing countries, the lack of standardized protocols, and concerns related to data privacy, even after potential advantages such as good glycemic control and reduced difficulty. Future guidance include indicative modeling, longer treatments, and integrating different types of omics. This review emphasizes the need for continued research to aid equitable clinical adoption, while demonstrating precision medicine's capacity to change T2DM management from broad to customized strategies.

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Precision medicine , Type 2 Diabetes , Pharmacogenomics , Personalized therapy , Digital health

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ABSTRACT Women's prisons in Tamil Nadu represent a unique and often overlooked dimension of the Indian correctional system. This paper examines the administrative structure, welfare provisions, and systemic challenges facing the five exclusive Special Prisons for Women operated by the Tamil Nadu Department of Prisons and Correctional Services. Drawing on recent news reports, judicial interventions, and government policy documents, this study analyses critical issues including the absence of female superintendents in violation of state orders, the lack of post-release tracking for children who accompany incarcerated mothers, and the expanding scope of vocational rehabilitation programmes such as beautician training. The findings underscore the need for strict enforcement of gender-sensitive administrative norms, an integrated child welfare framework, and sustained investment in livelihood-oriented rehabilitation. This paper recommends urgent policy measures to align prison administration with constitutional guarantees of dignity and the principles of restorative justice.

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Women's prisons, Tamil Nadu, prison administration, female superintendents, rehabilitation, children of prisoners, correctional services, prison reform

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The rapid growth of India's gig economy--driven by platform-based services in transport, delivery, freelancing, and digital labor--has created flexible income opportunities but also heightened concerns about workers' mental health. This paper evaluates the effectiveness of institutional coping mechanisms (platform-driven support systems, insurance schemes, helplines, training, policy interventions) and personal coping mechanisms (self-care routines, peer networks, resilience strategies) in addressing stress, insecurity, and burnout among gig workers. Drawing from academic studies, labor surveys, policy reports, and case analyses, the paper synthesizes evidence that while institutional mechanisms provide structural safety nets, personal strategies sustain day-to-day resilience. The findings suggest that a synergistic approach, where platform policies reinforce workers' self-care and social connectedness, is most effective in reducing stress, improving job satisfaction, and sustaining productivity. Challenges such as limited social protection, income volatility, digital surveillance, and stigma in seeking mental health support persist. The study proposes a mixed-methods framework for systematically evaluating interventions and recommends policy innovation, platform accountability, and collective action to enhance sustainable well-being for India's gig workforce.

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Gig Economy, mental health, coping mechanisms, Indian gig workers

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"VOLUME: Gamified Health and Fitness Tracking Web Application" reimagines traditional health tracking as an interactive, accountability-driven system using a caloric ledger model--where food intake is treated as expenditure and physical activity as income. It leverages scientifically validated metrics like BMR and TDEE (via the Mifflin-St Jeor equation) to deliver personalized insights, supported by a dynamic engine that provides real-time feedback and corrective suggestions. With an Indian nutrition database, hydration tracking, and a gamified dashboard, the app promotes holistic health. Built entirely on the client side using HTML5, Tailwind CSS, and JavaScript, it ensures offline access, privacy, and high performance while encouraging sustainable lifestyle habits.

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Gamification, Health Tracking, Caloric Ledger, BMR, TDEE, BMI, Metabolic Computation, Nutritional Analysis, Indian Food Database, Hydration Monitoring, Macronutrients, Behavioral Analytics, Client-Side Application, Local Storage, Real-Time Feedback, Heuristics Engine, Fitness Tracking, Web Application, Data Visualization, Lifestyle Management

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Article 21 of the Constitution of India declares, with the terseness of the absolute, that no person shall be deprived of his life or personal liberty except according to procedure established by law. The Supreme Court, in a long and luminous line of decisions, has progressively transformed this laconic guarantee into a rich jurisprudence of substantive liberty. Yet, a stark paradox persists within the criminal justice system: the grant of bail by courts does not always translate into actual liberty for the accused. This paper examines the disjunction between judicial relief and lived freedom, arguing that onerous bail conditions, inability to furnish sureties, socio-economic vulnerabilities, and procedural delays render bail an illusory remedy for many undertrials. Drawing on constitutional jurisprudence, case law analysis, and empirical insights, the study interrogates how "procedure established by law" under Article 21 is often reduced to procedural formality rather than substantive fairness. It further evaluates recent judicial and legislative attempts at bail reform and contends that unless structural barriers to availing bail are dismantled, the constitutional promise of personal liberty remains deferred. The paper concludes that a rights-based approach to bail must prioritize de-custodialization, reasonable conditions, and access to justice to give full meaning to Article 21.

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Article 21, Bail, Personal Liberty, Pre-trial Detention, Criminal Justice, Supreme Court of India, Procedure Established by Law

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Knee pain caused by degenerative conditions such as osteoarthritis remains a major contributor to reduced mobility and diminished quality of life. This paper presents the design and development of a novel automated knee massager integrated with an oil infusion mechanism for enhanced therapeutic efficacy. The proposed system combines controlled vibration, heat therapy, and programmable massage patterns to stimulate blood circulation, alleviate muscle stiffness, and improve joint flexibility. In addition, a regulated oil infusion module enables localized delivery of therapeutic oils, enhancing transdermal absorption and providing anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects. The device is equipped with adjustable intensity levels, temperature control, and user-friendly automation, making it suitable for home-based rehabilitation. The integration of mechanical stimulation with topical treatment distinguishes the system from conventional knee massagers. Preliminary analysis suggests that the combined therapy approach offers improved pain relief and user comfort compared to standalone methods. The proposed solution aims to reduce reliance on manual physiotherapy while ensuring consistent and effective treatment. Future work includes clinical validation, optimization of infusion parameters, and incorporation of smart monitoring features for personalized therapy. Index Terms-- Knee pain, automated massager, oil infusion, rehabilitation, osteoarthritis, physiotherapy, biomedical device.

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Knee Pain, Osteoarthritis, Automated Knee Massager, Oil Infusion Therapy, Transdermal Drug Delivery, Vibration Therapy, Heat Therapy, Rehabilitation Engineering, Biomedical Device, Physiotherapy Automation, Pain Management, Smart Healthcare System.

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