Volume 13 | Issue 4 |

 Abstract

This paper details the development and construction of a cycloidal gearbox designed to deliver high torque within compact mechanical systems. Cycloidal drives are known for their low backlash, high torque capacity, and space efficiency, making them well-suited for use in robotics and industrial automation. The project encompassed CAD design, finite element analysis (FEA), and the physical fabrication of a prototype single-stage cycloidal gearbox. Key performance metrics including gear ratio, torque output, and efficiency were measured and compared with theoretical predictions. The completed assembly confirmed the viability of producing cost-effective, high-performance cycloidal drives for a range of engineering applications.

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 Keywords

FEA, CAD Design, Cycloidal Gearbox, Fabrication, High torque transmission, Gearbox design, Efficiency

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 Abstract

This study aims to detect lung cancer at its early stages and evaluate the accuracy of various machine learning models used in this process. Through an extensive review of existing literature, it was observed that some classification algorithms yield lower accuracy, while others perform better but still fall short of achieving near-perfect results. One of the major challenges is the high implementation cost and low accuracy, often due to the improper handling of DICOM images. In medical imaging, several types of scans are available, but CT (Computed Tomography) images are preferred due to their reduced noise levels. Deep learning has emerged as the most effective approach for tasks like lung nodule detection, classification, feature extraction, and predicting the stage of lung cancer. The proposed system initially applies image processing methods to isolate the lung region. Segmentation is carried out using the K-Means clustering algorithm. After segmentation, features are extracted and classified using multiple machine learning techniques. The efficiency of these methods is assessed based on accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, and classification time.

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 Keywords

Structural Co-occurrence Matrix (SCM), Classifier, Dataset, ROC Curve, Malignant Nodule, Benign Nodule

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This study explores the complex and far-reaching impact of colonialism and Christianity on the Rengma Naga, a distinct Indigenous community in Northeast India. It critically examines the profound transitions in their socio-political and cultural landscape brought about by these twin forces of historical change. With a focus on the Rengma's traditional political institutions, the paper traces how pre-colonial governance structures, rooted in customary laws and community consensus, began to evolve and decline with the advent of British colonial rule and the introduction of Christianity. These external influences not only redefined authority and decision-making within Rengma society but also catalyzed a broader shift toward modern political institutions. While colonial administration often undermined indigenous governance through indirect rule and restructuring of territorial boundaries, the arrival of Christianity brought new educational and moral frameworks that further accelerated cultural transformation. As traditional beliefs and rituals were gradually replaced, many Rengma practices once central to communal life were sidelined or reinterpreted through Christian norms. This dual intervention--administrative and spiritual--reshaped the identity and cohesion of the community in ways that continue to reverberate today. Rather than viewing these changes as linear or purely disruptive, the study adopts a nuanced lens that considers both loss and adaptation. It foregrounds the agency of the Rengma in navigating these shifts, illustrating how elements of tradition have persisted or transformed within new contexts. By drawing on oral histories, archival records, and ethnographic insights, the article contributes to broader debates on colonial encounter, religious conversion, and indigenous resilience in the Northeast.

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 Keywords

Rengma Naga, Colonialism, Christianity, Western Education, Traditional political Institution, Modern political institutions.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

The project has been developed with the goal of enhancing online security by identifying and mitigating phishing threats. Phishing attacks have been identified as a major security concern, and traditional methods of detection have proven insufficient in handling sophisticated attacks. In this project, machine learning models have been employed to analyze URLs and classify them as either legitimate or phishing. Various features extracted from URLs, such as the presence of suspicious keywords, domain age, and the structure of the URL, have been considered for accurate classification. Datasets containing labeled URLs have been used for training and testing the models, with performance metrics evaluated to ensure optimal detection rates. The models have been optimized and validated using standard evaluation techniques, and their efficiency in real world scenarios has been demonstrated. By implementing this approach, the risks associated with phishing websites have been significantly reduced, and the reliability of the proposed solution has been confirmed

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 Keywords

Phishing Detection Online Security URL Classification Machine Learning Cybersecurity URL Features Suspicious Keywords Domain Age Phishing URLs Legitimate URLs Feature Extraction Model Evaluation Classification Models Threat Mitigation Detection Accuracy Dataset Labeling Real-world Application URL Structure Analysis Security Enhancement Phishing Prevention

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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The study reveals that the opportunities driven dimension has a significant influence on the perceived marketing performance (PMP) of SMME entrepreneurs. Proactiveness and continuous innovation dimensions also have a significant impact on SMME units' PMP. However, the influence of customer intensity and risk-taking dimensions is not significant. The resource leverage dimension has a significant influence on SMME units' PMP. The study assumes that EM's dimension effect on the production and marketing performance of SMEs is moderated by gender. Women entrepreneurs have a higher influence on the opportunities-driven dimension than men, while proactiveness and continuous innovation dimensions have a significant difference. The study also finds that customer intensity and risk-taking dimensions have less significant influence on SMME performance.

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 Keywords

Perceived Marketing Performance, Entrepreneurial Marketing, Continuous Innovation

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Credit card fraud poses a significant threat to individuals, businesses, and financial institutions globally. The ever-evolving complexity of fraudulent techniques needs the expansion of innovative and vigorous detection systems. Machine learning (ML) algorithms have occurred as controlling tools in this domain, capable of identifying complex shapes and irregularities indicative of fraudulent transactions. This paper provides a complete impression of credit card fraud detection using ML techniques, discovering various algorithms, data preprocessing methods, performance valuation metrics, and tasks related with structure current fraud detection systems. We delve into the strengths and boundaries of different ML approaches and discuss future directions for investigate in this dangerous area.

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Credit Card Fraud Detection, Machine Learning, Anomaly Detection, Classification, Imbalanced Data, Fraud Prevention

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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One way to do this is to determine the students' perceptions and their expectations of the educational environment. Students' perceptions and expectations can be a good basis for reform and improvement of the quality of the educational environment. There is a direct relationship between the learning of students and their perceptions of the educational environment. The research approach was quantitative in nature. 50 nursing students who fulfilled the inclusion criteria were selected using non probability convenient sampling technique. Interview method and rating scale was used to collect data.The study findings revealed that majority of the students had high level of expectation about their education, professionals and facilities in that, most of them were also satisfied with their education pattern, professionals and facilities.

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expectation. satisfaction

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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India's rapid urbanization has necessitated a paradigm shift in urban mobility, leading to the rise of metro rail systems as key components of sustainable transport infrastructure. This paper examines the multifaceted impacts of metro rail development across economic, social, environmental, and spatial dimensions in Indian cities. Drawing from policy frameworks like the National Urban Transport Policy (2006) and Transit-Oriented Development (TOD), the analysis explores how metros contribute to inclusive urban growth, reduce dependence on personal vehicles, and facilitate land value appreciation. Case studies from Delhi, Mumbai, Bangalore, Kolkata, and Hyderabad provide real-world evidence of metro rail projects transforming urban landscapes, boosting economic productivity, and promoting social equity. The study further investigates how metro infrastructure influences property markets, commuter behavior, and urban planning practices. Despite their potential, challenges persist in terms of project viability, financing models, and multimodal integration. By synthesizing findings from diverse sources, this research emphasizes metro rail systems as catalytic agents for sustainable urban transformation and offers insights for future policy alignment.

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 Keywords

Metro Rail, Urban Mobility, Sustainable Development, Economic Impact, Social Equity, Transit-Oriented Development

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The South Indian state of Kerala has preserved an extensive literary tradition from the 12th century onward, with Malayalam poetry evolving under the influence of various philosophical and cultural movements. Among these, Sufism played a significant role in shaping Malayalam poetry's thematic and aesthetic dimensions, much as it did in other Indian literary traditions. Sufi poetry in Malayalam, predominantly composed by Sufi mystics, is distinguished by its unique thematic and stylistic features, making it a standout genre in Malayalam poetry. This study investigates how the poet's mystical (Sufi) identity influences the poetics of Malayalam Sufi literature, contributing to the formation of a unique literary genre. The central research question guiding this inquiry is: How does the service or prophetic personality of Sufi poets shape the philosophical and poetic dimensions of Malayalam Sufi poetry, distinguishing it from works by non-mystical poets? This paper hypothesizes that the authors of these works were Sufis whose mystical experiences and prophetic inclinations deeply informed their literary output, enriching the philosophical depth and stylistic particularities of their poetry, a contribution that deserves appreciation. By examining the interplay between the poet's mystical identity and poetic expression, this research aims to illuminate how Sufi thought alters literary aesthetics and fosters a distinct genre within Malayalam literature.

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 Keywords

Malayalam Sufi poetry, mystical identity, literary imagination, philosophical

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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The study reveals a positive relationship between opportunity-driven proactiveness, customer intensity, and innovation-focused marketing performance in SMEs. Proactiveness leads to better marketing outcomes, while customer intensity is a significant predictor of performance. Innovation-focused efforts also positively impact perceived production performance. Resource leveraging does not significantly influence perceived production performance, and overall performance does not show a significant relationship with marketing performance. Risk-taking has a marginally significant effect, while resource leveraging and value creation do not significantly influence marketing performance. The most influential factors for marketing performance are opportunities driven, proactiveness, customer intensity, and innovation, with risk-taking, resource leveraging, and value creation showing less influence.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Entrepreneurial Marketing, Proactiveness, Innovation orientation

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition