Volume 14 | Issue 5 |

 Abstract

ABSTRACT Rapid urbanization and the continuous increase in the number of vehicles have created serious parking challenges in metropolitan and semi-urban areas. Conventional parking systems are mostly manual, inefficient, and time-consuming, causing traffic congestion, fuel wastage, environmental pollution, and driver frustration. To overcome these issues, this project proposes a Real-Time Smart Parking System with Mobile App Integration, an intelligent and automated solution designed to improve parking management efficiency and user convenience. These sensors are connected to a microcontroller such as Node MCU or Arduino, which processes the data and transmits it to a cloud-based server through Wi-Fi connectivity. The collected data is stored in a centralized database such as Firebase or MySQL and is continuously updated to reflect the current parking status. Through the mobile app, users can search for nearby parking areas, check slot availability, reserve a slot in advance, navigate to the selected location, and complete secure digital payments. The integration of cloud computing ensures data accessibility, scalability, and reliability, making the system suitable for smart city environments. This system significantly reduces the time spent searching for parking spaces, decreases traffic congestion, and minimizes fuel consumption and carbon emissions. Automated slot detection and digital billing improve operational accuracy and reduce manual errors. The solution is highly scalable and can be implemented in shopping malls, airports, hospitals, corporate offices, railway stations, and smart city infrastructures. Furthermore, the system can be enhanced in the future by integrating Artificial Intelligence (AI) for demand prediction, Automatic Number Plate Recognition (ANPR) for vehicle identification, face recognition for security, and Electric Vehicle (EV) charging station management.

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 Keywords

KEYWORDS:Real-Time Monitoring, Smart Parking System, Internet of Things (IoT), Mobile App Integration, Cloud Computing, NodeMCU, Arduino, IR Sensor, Ultrasonic Sensor, Firebase, MySQL, Android Application, Digital Payment, Traffic Congestion Reduction, Smart Cities, Intelligent Transportation System.

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Abstract Since English language involves both speaking and writing, it is important to know and understand conjunctions well, so that effective and good flow of communication to be maintained in an efficient manner. Conjunctions when used properly, allow for more natural flow and rhythm in speech and writing, whereas the improper use of conjunctions often results in writing that sounds abrupt and disjointed. Conjunctions are words that link or connect two words, phrases, clauses or sentences together in English. This paper aims to analyse the conjunctions and their role as meaning, types and uses or functions in English; and examines the uses of conjunctions semantically and uses of conjunctions pragmatically. This study provides impetus thoughts of conjunctions in English language. And also, it carries out a panoramic description and explanation about the function of conjunctions which is obvious, perspicuous and well defined, as one of the core grammatical classes, popularly known as parts of speech in English.

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 Keywords

Keywords: Conjunctions, Coordinating, Subordinating, Correlative.

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"Fragments of War: Memory and Moral Conflict in Ao's Short Fiction," examines selected stories. Focusing on Short Stories. The study explores how war is represented as a fragmented and deeply personal experience within the socio-political context of Nagaland. Rather than presenting war as a distant political phenomenon, Ao portrays its immediate and lasting impact on ordinary civilians, whose lives are shaped by fear, loss, and uncertainty. The paper analyses the role of memory as both a source of trauma and a means of preserving identity. Through recollection, characters revisit a past marked by peace, which sharply contrasts with the violence of the present. These memories function as emotional imprints that sustain individual and collective histories. The study also examines the moral conflicts faced by characters who are compelled to navigate complex ethical dilemmas in situations where survival often overrides conventional notions of right and wrong. In stories like "The Jungle Major," the tension between justice and revenge highlights the blurred boundaries of morality in times of conflict. Furthermore, the paper emphasizes the loss of innocence and the silencing of cultural expression, particularly through the tragic figure of Apenyo in "The Last Song." By foregrounding civilian experiences, Ao humanizes the effects of war and underscores the resilience of marginalized communities. Ultimately, this study argues that Ao's fiction presents war as an enduring human condition that fragments lives while preserving voices through narrative.

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 Keywords

Keywords War, Memory, Moral Conflict, Trauma, Resilience

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This research has been done to explore capacities of social enterprises and sociopreneurs for bringing sustainable change. The main focus area of this study is female employees at Barefoot College, Tilonia, Rajasthan. A qualitative primary research approach has been used with semi-structured interviews to gather data from women employees at Barefoot College, interviews of illiterate or semi-literate solar engineers, master trainers, the pad lab incharge, incharge of the solar department, the pathology lab incharge, the barefoot dentist, and a front-facing employee at Tilonia Craft Shop. This study provides qualitative evidence from the ground about changes in the lives of financially dependent women becoming an asset for themselves and their families after being financially independent and more aware of their rights while working at a social enterprise like, in this case, Barefoot College, Tilonia. This research also reveals how financial independence makes women from rural India independent socially, politically, and personally.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Social Entrepreneurship, Barefoot College, Women Empowerment, Sustainable Development

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Abstract--Mental wellness concerns such as stress, anxiety, low mood, and emotional dysregulation are increasingly common among students and young adults, while access to immediate psychological support remains limited by cost, availability, and stigma. This paper presents Aeries, an emotion-aware mental wellness web application that integrates conversational artificial intelligence with structured self-care modules. The system accepts naturallanguage user input, performs transformer-based emotion detection, applies a risk-screening layer, and generates empathetic responses through a controlled generative language model. In addition to conversational support, the platform provides digital journaling, relaxation video resources, and guided breathing activities to encourage self-reflection and stress regulation. The work is positioned as a wellness-support prototype rather than a clinical diagnosis or therapy system. Aeries is implemented using a React-based frontend, an API-driven backend, and a modular AI processing layer for emotion inference, response generation, and safety filtering. To support academic evaluation, the paper defines a structured methodology covering model performance, response quality, usability, and safety. The proposed evaluation framework reports emotion classification using accuracy, precision, recall, F1-score, and confusion analysis; response quality using human ratings for empathy, relevance, helpfulness, and safety; and user acceptability using satisfaction and engagement feedback. Preliminary pilot evaluation is reported as perceived helpfulness rather than clinical effectiveness, and the paper outlines the additional validation required before any therapeutic efficacy claim can be made. The results indicate that Aeries is a feasible approach for combining emotion-aware conversation with supportive wellness modules, while highlighting the need for privacy-aware design, stronger safety testing, and larger user studies.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Emotion Detection, Conversational AI, Mental Wellness, Natural Language Processing, Transformer Models, Generative AI, Digital Health.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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The paper explores how motivational human resource management strategies employed by startups could help develop democracy within the workplace and promote citizenship participation in urban India. The paper maintains that after startups pass the initial stage of survival, they could potentially be not just economic entities but also institutions wherein democratic skills are learned and practiced. The paper contributes a novel synthesis that links startup survival, motivational HR practices, workplace democracy, and civic engagement within the Indian urban context. It extends discussion beyond startup performance to the democratic and social value of organizational design. This work employs a conceptual and narrative review methodology. The literature on entrepreneurship survival, democratic workplace management, motivational human resource management, ownership, and civic engagement is reviewed to develop an integrative theory around the startup ecosystem in the city context, specifically in Mumbai. The findings of the paper reveal that the following three practice clusters appear to be critical: employee stock option schemes, work structures based on flatness and participation, and the use of artificial intelligence for sentiment monitoring to create a responsiveness tool rather than a means of surveillance. These can enhance autonomy, ownership, voice, and political efficacy internally, spilling over into the civic sphere. Startup entrepreneurs and HR managers can consider motivational HR systems as governance mechanisms. Rather than looking at retention programs merely as tools for productivity, they can develop participatory programs that enhance both employee commitment and organizational sustainability. The paper positions startups as potential micro-democratic institutions that can contribute to participatory citizenship in urban India by cultivating agency, responsibility, and collaborative problem-solving among employees. The study is theoretical in nature and does not examine the proposed relationships empirically. Further research could confirm the model using surveys, mixed methods, and comparative analyses within Indian startup ecosystems.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

startup survival; workplace democracy; civic engagement; motivational HR practices; ESOPs; urban India

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Why do some startups survive the critical three-year mark while others, even those with strong ideas and adequate funding, fail silently within 36 months? The systematic literature review addresses that question by exploring the relationship between motivational human resource management (HRM) practices and startup survival, but with a more specific geographic focus on the startup ecosystem in Mumbai, India - the most expensive, most competitive and most complex entrepreneurial ecosystem in the country. A total of 140 peer-reviewed articles found in Scopus, Web of Science, and EBSCO were reviewed, screened, and synthesized based on the guidelines of PRISMA 2020. The review confirms the 36-month demarcation point as a theoretically grounded and empirically established demarcation point between organizational precariousness and relative stability, anchored in Liability of Newness, Resource-Based View, Organizational Ecology, and Self-Determination Theory. Five thematic categories of motivational HR practices are identified, namely, equity-based compensation (ESOPs), career development, recognition culture, flexible work arrangements, and open communication, which are linked to different mechanisms of survival. The study proves that ventures that adopt systematic motivational HR practices in their incubation stage are more likely to survive beyond three years. The review highlights crucial areas for further research in the Mumbai context, such as the lack of research papers indexed in Scopus concerning the entrepreneurial ventures of MMR. The literature search will be confined to those articles published till October 2025.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Startup Survival, Three-Year Threshold, Motivational HR Practices, Mumbai Startup Ecosystem, Liability of Newness, Employee Stock Ownership Plan (ESOP), Resource-Based View, PRISMA 2020

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

Concrete is prepared by combining cement, fine aggregate (sand), coarse aggregate, and a controlled quantity of water. Traditionally, river sand has been the most widely used fine aggregate due to its easy availability and suitability in mix design. However, excessive extraction of river sand has led to serious environmental concerns such as riverbed erosion and ecological imbalance. In addition, the declining availability of natural sand is creating challenges for construction activities and infrastructure development. To address this issue, alternative materials like crushed stone sand--commonly known as Manufactured Sand (M-Sand) or Robo Sand--are increasingly being used as a substitute for river sand. The use of such materials not only reduces the dependency on natural resources but also helps in minimizing environmental degradation caused by over-mining of riverbeds. Before adopting these alternatives in concrete, it is essential to study and compare their properties with those of natural sand. Important parameters such as specific gravity, fineness modulus, and compressive strength need to be evaluated to ensure their suitability. The main objective of this project is to examine the key characteristics of crushed stone sand and compare them with river sand. Concrete specimens are prepared by replacing natural sand with crushed stone sand in proportions of 0%, 50%, and 100%. The compressive strength of these mixes is then determined for M20 grade concrete with a water-cement ratio of 0.45, to assess the performance and feasibility of using crushed stone sand as a sustainable alternative.

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 Keywords

Concrete; M-Sand vs River Sand; Fine Aggregate Replacement; M20 Mix (w/c 0.45); Strength & Properties; Sustainability

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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For the inclusion and empowerment of persons with disabilities, Para-sports have emerged as an important platform. However, there is an increase in the recognition of Para-athletes at various levels viz., national or international level; despite this various social barriers continue to affect their participation and acceptance with in the society. The current study tries to examine the social barriers faced by Para-athletes in Rajasthan from a sociological perspective. This work is based on primary data collected during the state level games from a total of 201 Para-athletes, using a structured questionnaire including both open and close ended question. The findings are of the view that despite the growth in this field many Para-athletes experiences social challenges such as distribution, negative societal attitudes, lack of recognition and exclusion. Respondents also highlighted that society often view Para-athletes differently from able-bodied athletes. These experiences of the respondents reflect the persisting stigma and stereotype associated with disability. Addressing these challenges requires a larger social awareness, empathy, inclusive attitudes in order to enhance Para-sports and promote a more equitable sporting environment.

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 Keywords

Disability, Para- Sports, Rajasthan, Para-athlete, Stigma, Sociology.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

Enrofloxacin, a widely used fluoroquinolone antibiotic in veterinary medicine, requires stringent quality control to ensure its safety, efficacy, and stability. The development of stability-indicating analytical methods is essential for accurately quantifying the drug in the presence of its degradation products formed under various stress conditions. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), particularly reverse-phase HPLC, has emerged as a reliable and sensitive technique for this purpose. This review focuses on the development and validation of stability-indicating HPLC methods for the quantitative estimation of enrofloxacin in pharmaceutical dosage forms. Key aspects of method development, including selection of chromatographic conditions, optimization of mobile phase, and detection parameters, are discussed in detail. The role of forced degradation studies under acidic, alkaline, oxidative, thermal, and photolytic conditions in establishing method specificity is also highlighted. Furthermore, the review summarizes validation parameters such as specificity, linearity, accuracy, precision, robustness, and sensitivity in accordance with International Council for Harmonisation (ICH) guidelines. Recent advancements in analytical techniques, including green chromatography and hyphenated methods, are also considered. Overall, stability-indicating HPLC methods play a crucial role in pharmaceutical quality assurance, regulatory compliance, and stability assessment of enrofloxacin formulations, ensuring the delivery of safe and effective veterinary products.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Enrofloxacin, HPLC, Stability-indicating method, Forced degradation studies, Chromatographic analysis, Validation parameters

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition