Volume 13 | Issue 5 |

 Abstract

Lozenges are one of the very popular and better innovative dosage form and oral confectionary product. Lozenges are solid unit dosage form that contain one or more medicaments containing sweetners excipients and binders Most common and easy way of administration of drug is orally administered Lozenges are one of the widely used dosage form. However, pediatric, geriatric patientsshowless compliance in swallowing tablets and capsules due to difficulties inswallowingand bitter taste of many drugs when formulated as liquid dosage form. The benefits of the medicated lozenges is they increase the retention time of the dosage form in oral cavity which increases bioavailability,reduces gastric irritation and bypasses first pass metabolism . Lozenges provide a palatable means of dosage form position of Lozengein pharmaceutical market owned to its several advantages but it causessome disadvantages. Acceptance for lozenges as a dosage form is high by adults and also more by children. These lozenges contain active pharmaceutical ingredients that are released as they dissolve in the mouth, providing quick and targeted relief. Common uses of medicated lozenges include soothing sore throats, relieving coughs, and treating oral infections. They are also used to manage symptoms associated with colds, flu, and allergies. This review highlights the therapeutic benefits, formulation, and applications of medicated lozenges. The advantages of medicated lozenges over other oral dosage forms, such as rapid onset of action and improved patient compliance, are discussed. Future directions for the development of medicated lozenges, including novel formulations and delivery systems, are also explored. Different types of lozenges available in market are compressed lozenges, hard lozenges & soft lozengesand their methods of preparation along with ingredients used in their preparation. The present review covers more or less all aspects associated with lozenges and also throws light on the applications of lozenges. It includes various researches performed till date, formulation and evaluation parameters, packaging and applications of lozenges.

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 Keywords

Keywords : Lozenge, medicament, Troches, sore throat , cough relief etc.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Introduction: A surgically created AV fistula is a connection between an artery and a vein, usually in the arm you use less often. This is the preferred type of access because of effectiveness and safety. Objectives: 1.To assess the knowledge regarding care of AV fistula among patients with AV fistula. 2. To assess the self-reported practice regarding care of AV fistula in patients with AV fistula. 3.To associate knowledge regarding care of fistula with demographic variables. 4. To associate self-reported practice regarding care of fistula with demographic variables. 5. To associate the knowledge regarding care of AV Fistula in patients with the self-reported practice in the patients. Materials & Methods: Quantitative Research Approach was adopted in this study. Patients with AV Fistula were selected by using Purposive Sampling technique. The sample sizes were 50. Results: The study illustrated that majority 32(64%) had good knowledge and 18(36%) had poor knowledge regarding care of AV fistula. The distribution of Self-Reported Practice regarding care of AV fistula among patients with AV fistula showed that maximum 43 (86%) had poor practice and 7 (14%) had good practice regarding care of AV fistula.

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 Keywords

AV fistula, hemodialysis, knowledge, self-reported practice, Socio-Demographic data.

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This research presents an advanced system that integrates Multipath TCP (MPTCP) with cognitive radio technology to dynamically optimize network performance in environments with fluctuating conditions, such as variable bandwidth, latency, and reliability. Traditional MPTCP, although it allows data transmission across multiple paths, struggles under dynamic network states. The proposed system overcomes these challenges by leveraging cognitive radio's adaptive spectrum management, which continuously evaluates metrics like bandwidth availability, latency, and signal quality to identify optimal paths in real time. Machine learning algorithms further enhance adaptability by analyzing historical data to predict the most efficient paths, proactively routing traffic to avoid congestion and maximize network efficiency.

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 Keywords

Adaptive spectrum management, Cognitive radio, Machine learning, Multipath TCP (MPTCP), Network optimization, Dynamic routing, Fault tolerance, Real-time communication.

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The growth of human populations is leading to a shift towards urban living, which in turn alters land cover and negatively impacts bird habitats both locally and globally. This review examines: 1) The urbanization of the planet, 2) Bird's reactions to human settlements 3) The reasons behind these avian responses. While a slight majority of studies indicates an increase in bird density, there is a noted decline in species richness and evenness due to urbanization (Blair, 1996; Shochat et al., 2006). The most notable impacts of expanding settlements include arise in non-native bird species, an increase in species that nest on buildings (Chace & Walsh, 2006) (particularly swifts and swallows), higher rates of nest predation, and a decrease in species that nest on the ground or in interiors. The effects on raptors, owls, and cavity-nesting birds are less predictable and often depend on the surrounding environment. Factors that favor certain species in urban areas seem to be more straightforward than those that hinder them. The primary advantage for these species is the increased availability of food (Gleditsch & Carlo, 2011), while factors such as reduced predation, less human interference, and habitat improvements play a lesser role. Conversely, bird declines associated with human settlement are often linked to decreased habitat availability, smaller patch sizes, increased edge effects a rise in Alien plant species, reduced vegetative complexity, and heightened nest predation (Aronson et al., 2014). Urban planners and policymakers have significant influence on the growth and development of cities. Avian ecologists can contribute valuable insights to these critical decisions by: 1) Assessing how settlement patterns impact bird populations and 2) Analyzing how bird communities evolve across various levels of urbanization (Seress & Liker, 2015)

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 Keywords

Urban planners, urbanization, bird density, bird species, bird communities, bird declines

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Phishing attacks continue to pose a major threat to email security, exploiting human vulnerabilities to gain unauthorized access to sensitive information. Traditional rule-based filtering methods often struggle to keep pace with the evolving tactics of cybercriminals. This study presents a machine learning-based approach for robust phishing email detection, aiming to enhance the resilience and accuracy of email security systems. By employing a combination of supervised learning algorithms, natural language processing (NLP), and feature engineering techniques, the proposed model effectively distinguishes between legitimate and phishing emails. Extensive experiments conducted on benchmark datasets demonstrate that the machine learning approach outperforms conventional methods in terms of precision, recall, and overall detection accuracy. This work not only highlights the potential of intelligent systems in combating phishing threats but also provides insights into building scalable and adaptive security frameworks for modern communication networks.

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 Keywords

Email Security, Phishing Detection, Machine Learning, Natural Language Processing, Cybersecurity, Supervised Learning, Feature Engineering, Threat Mitigation

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Azolla, a rapidly reproducing aquatic fern rich in protein, has emerged as an economical and effective feed supplement in poultry farming. Thanks to its abundant supply of essential amino acids, vitamins, and minerals, Azolla can partially replace traditional feed ingredients like soybean meal and fishmeal, resulting in lower feed costs and enhanced growth performance in poultry. Its easy cultivation, low resource requirements, and environmental benefits, including nitrogen fixation, make it even more appealing. Studies show that incorporating Azolla into poultry diets leads to better growth ratios and overall bird health.

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Keyword - Azolla, feed, production, chicken, protein, nutrition, composition, vitamin.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

India - Europe Economic Relations

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India - Europe Economic Relations

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The focus of environmental ethics is defining what responsibility humans have to the environment, and how far this responsibility extends. The study was conducted to evaluate the environmental ethics among the JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research students of Mysuru city, Karnataka, India. The questionnaires were prepared and circulated and presently a sample of 500 students results have been analysed in the present research paper. To gauge the environmental ethics among the students, set of questions was prepared to understand the attitude of students towards environment. The proposed prospective study's statistical analysis will focus on environmental ethics among JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research students of Mysuru city, Karnataka, India. According to the survey's findings, students are becoming more conscious and concerned about the harm that human activity whether deliberate or unintentional is causing to the environment. A very small percentage of students gave negative responses due the lack of knowledge. This can be overcome by creating awareness and environmental education to change their perception of the environment and encourage them to conserve it. The Cronbach's Alpha value of 0.88 across 10 items, indicating a high level of internal consistency suggesting the Questionnaires are strongly correlated.

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 Keywords

Environment, Environmental ethics, Education, Attitude, Awareness.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Cloud computing has revolutionized the way businesses and individuals store and access data, but its increasing adoption raises significant concerns regarding data security and privacy. Among the most critical challenges are issues related to data redundancy, unauthorized access, and dynamic data ownership. This paper presents innovative strategies to address these concerns by focusing on two core techniques: data deduplication and dynamic ownership models. Data deduplication plays a pivotal role in optimizing storage, reducing overhead, and enhancing data security by eliminating redundant data copies. Meanwhile, dynamic ownership strategies ensure that data access and control are efficiently managed in cloud environments, enhancing privacy protection. This paper explores the integration of these strategies within cloud security frameworks, presenting an in-depth analysis of their potential to improve data security, scalability, and privacy. Additionally, we evaluate their performance, challenges, and future research directions, providing a comprehensive approach to transforming cloud security in the context of modern data management.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Cloud security, data deduplication, dynamic ownership, privacy, data management, cloud computing, data redundancy, access control, storage optimization, security framework

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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The growing demand for efficient and reliable public transportation necessitates the development of smart systems that integrate modern technology to enhance user experience. This research presents a Bus Tracking and Reservation System implemented using MERN (MongoDB, Express.js, React.js, Node.js ) stack. The system offers a real-time GPS tracking, online seat reservations, payment integration, and route optimization. The paper discusses the system's architecture, data flow, and implementation while comparing it with existing solutions. The system aims to reduce passenger waiting times, optimize bus routes, and improve overall service efficiency.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Bus Tracking, Reservation System, MERN Stack, Real-time GPS, Route Optimization

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition