Volume 13 | Issue 5 |

 Abstract

Abstract Literacy encompasses the capacity to read, write, and handle numerical information in everyday situations. The initial phase of developing mathematical skills in young learners is essential for comprehensive growth. Numeracy, a crucial aspect of literacy, involves the capability to comprehend and manipulate numbers, as well as perform elementary mathematical operations. The development of numerical aptitude fosters logical reasoning and enhances problem-solving and decision-making abilities in children. The National Educational Policy 2020 emphasizes the importance of basic numeracy skills. It aims for all students to master these skills by grade 3, recognizing them as essential for future learning. A national objective aims to ensure that every child attain numeracy proficiency as per NIPUN Bharat guidelines under National Educational Policy 2020. It targets children aged 3 to 9, encompassing foundational literacy skills from preschool to third grade. The presents research selected 'numeracy skill' from Nipun Bhart guidelines as foundational literacy skills. The participant sample comprised two cohorts: Group A (n=30), consisting of children with hearing impairment, and Group B (n=30), consisting of children without hearing impairment and to study the aim to examine the grade I achievement levels in numeracy, and to determine if a significant difference exists between two groups. These participants, meeting specific criteria, were randomly chosen and given a researcher made test which was validated by field experts as part of the data collection process. The results were analyzed using descriptive and t-test were conducted to compare numeracy skills, as per NIPUN Bharat guidelines. The results indicated a statistically significant difference between the groups overall achievement levels.

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 Keywords

Foundational numeracy skills, achievement, children with hearing impairment, children without hearing impairment.

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Musculoskeletal (MSK) disorders are prevalent and significantly impact quality of life, necessitating effective rehabilitative strategies. Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation (PNF) offers a promising intervention, focusing on enhancing muscular function, flexibility, and neuromuscular coordination through targeted stretching and movement patterns. This therapeutic technique emphasizes dynamic and functional movements tailored to individual capabilities, promoting joint stability, strength, and mobility. Emerging research highlights PNF's efficacy in managing various MSK conditions, including joint dysfunctions, chronic pain syndromes, and post-injury recovery. By integrating advanced stretching protocols and proprioceptive training, PNF facilitates optimal neuromuscular performance and prevents further deterioration. As a holistic and evidence-based approach, PNF aligns well with patient-centered rehabilitation models, enhancing physical resilience and overall well-being.

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Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation, musculoskeletal health, flexibility, neuromuscular coordination, rehabilitation, functional movement.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

Chitosan was first identified in the mid-1700's but gained little recognition until its crystalline structure was partially clarified in 1934. Found in molds and commercially derived from crustacean's shells, chitosan is now utilized in various sectors, including the food industry. Given the seasonal downturns in the fisheries sectors and the continuously rising demand for high-quality chitosan, alternative sources such as mushrooms and other fungi are being reconsidered. Nevertheless, the crab shells used to produce chitosan are byproducts of the fishing industry. Therefore, producing chitosan from fungi can only be financially viable if waste mycelia generated from the industrial application of fungi as biocatalysts in "white biotechnology" or waste carbon sources, such as those from food processing industries, are utilized as substances for the cultivation of fungi that yield high amounts of chitosan. Chitosan possesses the ability to be modified or to form complexes with various aspects of Chitosan and its applications in different fields, particularly within the food industry. Chitosan, a biopolymer derived from chitin, has attracted a lot of attention due to its numerous applications in bot commerce and medical. Because of its remarkable properties, such as its antibacterial activity, biodegradability, and biocompatibility, chitosan is used in industry. It is employed in several industries, such as the manufacturing of textiles, food packaging, and wastewater treatment. Chitosan's unique properties make it a valuable material for tissue engineering, wound healing, drug delivery systems, and other medical applications. Because of its biocompatibility and ability to enhance drug absorption, it is a good choice for pharmaceutical applications. Chitosan's diverse properties present numerous chances for creative advancements in the industrial and medical domains.

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Chitosan, Crustacean Shells, Mushrooms, Fungi, Production, Properties, Applications of Chitosan.

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The evolution of workplace technology is a captivating story of innovation and adaptation. This journey showcases the positive impact of technology in the workplace and how it has fundamentally altered how we approach our professional lives. The rise of remote work and AI automation apps has pushed workplace boundaries, creating more flexible and agile environments. Everyday learning and updating to fulfil the daily demands of the global environment to sustain in the cut throat competition has become the need of the day. Technology is seen as an advancement to reduce the burden and monotony in the workplace while on the other hand it is seen as threat posed by the modern science where there is a constant fear in the minds of humans about losing their jobs anytime. AI and many other modern applications are believed to replace human work. While some sectors face job displacement, others are witnessing the emergence of entirely new career paths. This study investigates on how technology is reshaping the job market. As technology continues to shape the workplace, employers are adopting strategic approaches to ensure the effective integration of new tools. Through an analysis of current trends this article provides insight into how technology is not only changing what work looks like but also how it can contribute to more inclusive and sustainable job creation. The aim of this article is to figure out how technology is playing a critical role in present scenario of global job market.

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AI Automation, Workplace boundaries, Job market

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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The study focuses on cost saving strategies in ground handling in the aviation industry. Ground handling is an indispensable part of airport and airline service provision, yet it is also costly even at those airports where it is not a revenue generator. Increasing competition, regulatory headwinds, and economic impacts such as the COVID-19 pandemic, make cost optimization in this area paramount to financial viability and operational effectiveness. From the research, the main cost driver factors, such as man power distribution, usage of the equipments such as production facilities and over processing are identified. Applying secondary financial data and financial analysis tools, such as ratio, trend, break-even, and cost-effectiveness analysis, it illustrates the performance ratios of an MI over a five-year time frame. It ends with a list of strategic issues including workforce development, technology assimilation, and financial planning. These are all initiatives for containing costs, improving productivity, and upholding service levels in a competitive climate.

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Cost Optimization, Ground Handling, Aviation, Operational Efficiency, Financial Analysis.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

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Cisplatin, Etoposide, Antineoplastic Agents, Method Validation

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The purpose of this research is to examine the financial performance of the Indian aviation sector from 2018-2019 to 2022-2023. Using financial tools like ratio analysis, trend percentage analysis, and the Altman Z-score model, the paper assesses the key financial metrics such as liquidity, profitability, solvency, and risk-adjusted returns. The broader aviation sector was severely impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic due to steep loss of cash flow and profitability. There was a remarkable bounce back by FM 22-23, w.r.t. ROE, EPS, as well as Gross profit margins. The results highlight the significance of financial constraint, risk management and planning for sustainability in this capital- intensive and highly regulated industry.

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Aviation Industry, Financial Performance, Ratio Analysis, Altman Z-score, Profitability Metrics, Risk Management, Break-even Analysis

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Polyethylene (PE) waste in municipal landfills is a major pollutant, yet the indigenous microbial consortia capable of its degradation are poorly characterized. In this study, we performed a comprehensive shotgun metagenomic analysis of microbial communities from three Indian landfill sites (Okhla, Ghazipur, and Pirana) using publicly available sequence datasets (SRA/ENA). Reads were quality-controlled (Trimmomatic, FastQC) and taxonomically profiled (Kraken2); taxa of interest were cross-referenced against NCBI, BacDive, MBGD, and Ensembl Bacteria to identify known and putative PE-degrading bacteria. To our knowledge, this is the first study explicitly exploring PE-degradation potential via metagenomics at the Okhla and Ghazipur landfills. We found that the Okhla landfill community was dominated by Actinobacteria (~48.5% of bacterial reads), notably Streptomyces and Saccharomonospora. Across sites, several genera previously linked to polymer degradation were detected, including Saccharomonospora, Streptomyces (Actinobacteria), Rhodococcus (particularly R. erythropolis), and Cupriavidus (e.g., C. campinensis). Overall, the prevalence of these taxa and enzymes suggests that Indian landfill microbiomes harbor significant plastic-degrading capacity. These findings provide a foundation for bioremediation strategies and the discovery of novel plastic-degrading enzymes from landfill microbial communities.

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Keywords: polyethylene degradation, landfill microbiome, metagenomics, plastic pollution, Actinobacteria, Streptomyces, Saccharomonospora, hydrocarbon-degrading bacteria, microbial consortia, environmental biotechnology

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Instrument-Assisted Soft Tissue Mobilization (IASTM), Soft Tissue Manipulation, Manual Therapy, Myofascial Release Techniques, Tissue Remodelling

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 Abstract

Musculoskeletal dysfunctions such as sacroiliac joint pain, hip instability, and hamstring cramping are often linked to gluteus maximus weakness and impaired lumbopelvic stability. Gluteus Maximus Activation (GMA) has emerged as a therapeutic intervention to restore neuromuscular control, enhance force closure, and improve functional outcomes in various clinical populations. This critical review aimed to bridge the gap in existing literature and assess the clinical efficacy of GMA in managing musculoskeletal conditions. An extensive search was conducted through PubMed, EBSCO, EMBASE, and Google Scholar for studies published between 2020 and 2025. The inclusion criteria covered randomized controlled trials, comparative studies, pre-post experimental designs, case reports, case series and systematic review in English that evaluated GMA interventions. A total of 7 studies met the eligibility criteria: two randomized controlled trials, one comparative study, one pre-post experimental study, one case series, one systematic review, and one case report. All studies demonstrated positive therapeutic outcomes, including reductions in pain, improvements in pelvic and hip biomechanics, functional mobility, and neuromuscular coordination. The results suggest that GMA may be effective across a variety of musculoskeletal conditions. However, heterogeneity in methodologies and outcome measures, along with the limited number of high-quality RCTs, restricts strong conclusions. Further research with standardized protocols and larger sample sizes is warranted to validate the long-term efficacy and comparative advantage of GMA over other interventions.

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 Keywords

Keywords: Gluteus Maximus Activation, Lumbopelvic Stability, Musculoskeletal Disorders, Core Strengthening, Rehabilitation, Review

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