Volume 14 | Issue 8 |

 Abstract

Mango production has been significantly affected by climatic variations and environmental factors, including excessive rainfall, high humidity, declining soil nutrient levels, and the increasing prevalence of diseases and physiological disorders. Conventional identification of mango plant diseases primarily relies on visual inspection, which is subjective, time-consuming, and often prone to inaccurate diagnosis. In particular, farmers with limited access to agricultural expertise may fail to recognize disease symptoms at an early stage, resulting in reduced crop productivity and economic losses. Image processing and digital image processing (DIP) techniques provide an efficient and reliable alternative for the automated detection and classification of fruit diseases. Various computational approaches have been investigated for disease identification, including clustering techniques, color-based segmentation (CBS), artificial neural networks (ANN), and other machine-learning-based classification methods. This paper presents a comprehensive survey of image processing techniques employed by different researchers for the detection and classification of fruit diseases, with particular emphasis on their methodologies, algorithms, and performance. The study aims to analyze and compare existing approaches and provide an overview of the current developments in automated fruit disease detection. The reviewed techniques can be implemented using Python and its associated image-processing and machine-learning libraries.

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 Keywords

DIP - Digital Image Processing, CBS - Color Based Segmentation, ANN- Artificial Neural Network

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

प्रस्तुत शोध-पत्र का उद्देश्य रुद्रयामल उत्तरतन्त्र में निहित हठयोगपरक तत्त्वों की पहचान करके उनका हठयोगप्रदीपिका के विशेष सन्दर्भ में तुलनात्मक विवेचन करना है। अध्ययन का प्राथमिक आधार आचार्य श्रीरामप्रसाद त्रिपाठी द्वारा सम्पादित रुद्रयामलम् (उत्तरतन्त्रम्), प्रथम भाग तथा स्वात्मारामकृत हठप्रदीपिका का प्रचलित चतुरुपदेशात्मक पाठ है। पाठपरक, विश्लेषणात्मक और तुलनात्मक पद्धति द्वारा यम-नियम, आसन, प्राणायाम, नाड़ी-तन्त्र, कुण्डलिनी, मुद्रा, सिद्धि, समाधि और मोक्ष से सम्बन्धित अंशों का परीक्षण किया गया है। अध्ययन से ज्ञात होता है कि रुद्रयामल उत्तरतन्त्र योग को पृथक् शारीरिक अनुशासन न मानकर मन्त्र, देवता, चक्र, जप, ध्यान और शक्ति-साधना से संयुक्त तान्त्रिक प्रक्रिया के रूप में प्रस्तुत करता है। इसके तेईसवें से पच्चीसवें पटल में आसनों की संख्या और प्रयोजन, द्वादश यम, चतुर्दश नियम, पूरक-कुम्भक-रेचक, इड़ा-पिङ्गला-सुषुम्ना, षट्चक्र तथा कुण्डलिनी-जागरण का सुसम्बद्ध विवरण मिलता है। दूसरी ओर हठयोगप्रदीपिका समान साधनात्मक सामग्री को आसन, प्राणायाम, मुद्रा और समाधि के चार उपदेशों में अधिक संक्षिप्त एवं क्रमबद्ध रूप देती है और हठविद्या को राजयोग की प्राप्ति का सोपान मानती है। दोनों ग्रन्थों की शब्दावली और साधना-रचना में उल्लेखनीय साम्य है, विशेषतः यम-नियम, आसन द्वारा वायु-साधन, नाड़ीशोधन तथा कुण्डलिनी-बोध में; तथापि रुद्रयामल में मन्त्रात्मक और देवतामय व्याख्या अधिक प्रबल है। पाठ-काल और उपलब्ध संस्करणों की अनिश्चितता के कारण यह अध्ययन प्रत्यक्ष प्रभाव का दावा न करके साझा योग-तान्त्रिक साधना-परम्परा, पाठगत साम्य और प्रणालीगत भिन्नता को रेखांकित करता है।

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 Keywords

रुद्रयामल उत्तरतन्त्र; हठप्रदीपिका; हठयोग; आसन; प्राणायाम; नाड़ी; कुण्डलिनी; सिद्धि; मोक्ष।

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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KEYWORDS Breastfeeding; Primi mothers; Planned teaching programme; Nursing education.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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The B?lar?mabh?ratam, composed by King B?lar?ma of Kerala in the 18th century, stands as a distinctive treatise within the corpus of Indian dance literature. Though less widely studied than canonical texts such as the N??ya??stra and Abhinayadarpa?am, it offers valuable insights into the practice and pedagogy of classical dance. One of its notable contributions lies in its detailed classification of samyukta hasta-s and asamyukta hasta-s. This study examines the correspondences between the hasta-s described in B?lar?mabh?ratam and those codified in Abhinayadarpa?am. While the physical gestures and their usages remain largely identical across both texts, the nomenclature employed in B?lar?mabh?ratam diverges, reflecting regional and temporal variations in terminology. By systematically analyzing these parallels, the research highlights how shifts in naming conventions do not diminish the continuity of practice but rather underscore the adaptability of the tradition.

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hasta, B?lar?mabh?ratam, viniyog, mudra

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The paper examines Kenneth Anderson's 'The Bond of Love' at three levels: how the modern attitude, which can be considered as ecocide in the form of deforestation, hunting and encroaching upon habitats, impacts animals such as the bear, Bruno. This attitude attempts to shift towards considering wild animals as part of human beings; however, due to the ethical limits of human ownership, this is not possible. Further, there is redemption in returning the wild animal to its habitat as an ecological ethic. It presents human action on one level as ecocide and, on the other, as the need of the hour to return and reconcile from an ecohumanist perspective.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Ecocide, ecohumanism, orphan, domestication, coexistence

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

To investigate the influence exerted by social media creators encompassing source credibility, creator-generated content value and quality, information utility and persuasive communication and interpersonal engagement and electronic word-of-mouth upon the skincare purchase intentions of Generation Z consumers. Primary data were procured from 150 Generation Z respondents, complemented by secondary data derived from scholarly journals, research articles and academic publications. The investigation employed a descriptive research design predicated upon convenience sampling, with data solicited through a structured questionnaire and subsequently subjected to Percentage Analysis, Descriptive Statistical measures and One-Way ANOVA. The results shows that statistically significant variations in consumer perceptions of source credibility and creator-generated content value and quality across income strata and purchase-inclination categories, whereas information utility, persuasive communication, interpersonal engagement and electronic word-of-mouth exhibited no such significant differentiation, thereby substantiating the proposition that credible and informative creator-generated content substantially reinforces consumer confidence and purchase-related decision-making.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Content Value and Quality, Information Utility, Interpersonal Engagement, Social Media Creators, Source Credibility.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Instant soup mixes are widely consumed convenience foods due to their ease of preparation, long shelf life, and nutritional value. These products provide a quick and practical meal option for consumers with fast-paced lifestyles. The present study focused on the development and evaluation of an instant vegetable soup powder prepared using dehydrated vegetable powders and selected food-grade ingredients. Three different formulations--Sample A, Sample B, and Sample C--were prepared by varying the proportions of corn starch, tomato powder, mixed vegetable powder, and maltodextrin. The developed soup powders were evaluated for physical properties such as color, texture, and solubility. Sensory evaluation was also conducted using a 9-point hedonic scale to assess attributes including appearance, aroma, taste, mouthfeel, and overall acceptability by a panel of 20 trained evaluators. The results revealed significant variations among the formulations in terms of sensory quality and physical characteristics. Among the samples, Sample B demonstrated the highest overall acceptability score. It exhibited a balanced flavor, pleasant aroma, attractive color, and smooth consistency after reconstitution. The optimized formulation was prepared by dissolving 20 g of soup powder in 200 ml of water to obtain a ready-to-consume vegetable soup. The study indicates that the developed instant vegetable soup powder possesses good sensory acceptability and has potential for application as a convenient ready-to-prepare food product.

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Instant vegetable soup powder, dehydrated vegetables, sensory evaluation, convenience food, reconstitution.

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Freshwater fish parasites represent a highly diverse group of organisms that significantly influence wild aquatic ecosystems and commercial aquaculture environments. This review synthesizes current literature on the taxonomic diversity, infection dynamics, environmental drivers, and management strategies regarding freshwater fish parasite fauna. Major taxonomic groups including Protozoa, Myxozoa, Monogenea, Digenea, Cestoda, Nematoda, Acanthocephala, and Crustacea--exhibit complex parasitic strategies that directly affect host physiology, growth, and survival. Parasite prevalence and intensity are strongly driven by abiotic factors (water temperature, dissolved oxygen, organic load, and seasonal shifts) alongside biotic variables (host age, size, immunity, and stocking density). In commercial aquaculture, parasitic epizootics cause catastrophic financial losses through direct mortality, reduced Feed Conversion Ratios (FCR), and secondary opportunistic infections. Furthermore, certain helminths present critical zoonotic risks to human populations. Implementing an Integrated Pest Management (IPM) approach combining strict biosecurity, environmental monitoring, immunological enhancement, and targeted therapeutics is vital for sustainable aquaculture.

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Freshwater Fish, Helminth Parasites, Biodiversity,Environmental Stressors.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

The 2024 Lok Sabha election reduced the Bharatiya Janata Party to 240 seats, well short of a majority, and elevated two regional parties, the Telugu Desam Party and the Janata Dal (United), to a genuinely pivotal bargaining position within the National Democratic Alliance for the first time since 2014. This paper examines that bargaining relationship through the analytical lens of coalition theory, applying William Riker's concept of the minimum winning coalition and William Gamson's proposition that portfolio shares in a coalition government should be roughly proportional to the seat shares each partner contributes. Drawing on the composition of the Union Council of Ministers formed in June 2024 and the subsequent pattern of inter-party bargaining through 2025, the paper argues that portfolio allocation in Modi 3.0 has not followed simple proportionality: the Bharatiya Janata Party has retained every senior sovereignty-related portfolio, including Home Affairs, Finance, Defence, and External Affairs, while allocating to its two pivotal allies a set of sector-specific, distributive portfolios, such as Civil Aviation, Panchayati Raj, and Fisheries and Animal Husbandry, whose value to those parties lies chiefly in state-level patronage rather than influence over national policy. The paper further shows that a substantial share of the bargaining between the coalition partners has occurred outside the Cabinet altogether, through targeted fiscal packages for Andhra Pradesh and Bihar. It concludes that the kingmaker status of the Telugu Desam Party and the Janata Dal (United) has been real but carefully bounded, translated into distributive and fiscal concessions rather than a share in core executive authority.

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 Keywords

Coalition bargaining, Gamson's Law, Minimum winning coalition, Portfolio allocation, TDP, JDU, NDA, Modi 3.0, Regional parties, Distributive politics

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This paper investigates the major word formation processes in Chibok, an endangered variety of the Garo language, spoken in the South Garo Hills district of Meghalaya. The study adopts a qualitative and descriptive research design, and the datas are collected from Chibok speaking villages, namely, Renggua, Karawen, and Dompai. The data were elicited through structured interviews with elderly native speakers, and analysed to identify the word formation in Chibok. The findings reveal several processes, such as, affixation, derivation, compounding, blending, clipping, reduplication, conversion, borrowing, onomatopoeia, and calquing. These processes demonstrate the morphological richness and structural characteristics of Chibok variety. The study contributes to the documentation and linguistic description of Chibok and helps to address the existing gap in Garo morphology and word formation processes.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Chibok, Garo language, Word formation, Morphology, Language documentation, Endangered language, Morphological processes.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition