Volume 12 | Issue 8 |

 Abstract

Rhizopus species, are widely recognized not only for their role in food spoilage and postharvest decay but also for their potential in toxin production with significant health implications. This review provides a comprehensive account of Rhizopus morphology and growth characteristics, highlighting their rapid colonization abilities and adaptive responses to various environmental conditions. Special emphasis is placed on the molecular and biochemical mechanisms underlying toxin synthesis, including detailed insights into the biosynthetic pathways involved. Characterization techniques for these toxins, including chromatographic and spectroscopic methods, are discussed, providing a framework for their identification and quantification. Furthermore, the review explores the pathogenic potential of Rhizopus species, focusing on their role in opportunistic infections such as mucormycosis, and evaluates the toxicological impacts of their metabolites on human and animal health. Collectively, this synthesis of morphological, biochemical, and pathological data underscores the dual nature of Rhizopus as both a saprophytic decomposer and a medically significant genus, warranting continued research into its biological behavior and public health risks

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 Keywords

Rhizopus, Fungal morphology, Toxin biosynthesis, Secondary metabolites, Fungal pathogenicity, Mycotoxins

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Sericulture is one of the important sectors for rural population to generate income. There is tremendous scope for improving the production and quality of silk through expansion of sericulture in new areas. The geospatial tools comprising of Remote Sensing (RS), Geographical Information System (GIS) and web technology have the potential of integrating, analyzing and disseminating the satellite derived and other required information for further expansion of sericulture in the country. During the last decade, remote sensing techniques are applied to explore silkworm host plants cultivation practices such as crop acreage estimation, site suitability for mulberry cultivation and identification of pest infestation. Hyperspectral radiometry has been useful for detection of damage caused by sucking pest of mulberry. Spectral reflectance of red band and green bands are more sensitive to pink mealy bug, spiraling whitefly and thrips respectively. A geoportal titled 'Sericulture Information Linkages and Knowledge System' (SILKS) was open source GIS software system to provide spatial information on potential areas for silkworm host plant cultivation which was hosted in the public domain, http://silks.csb.gov.in. Hence, this review helps to know about remote sensing techniques and GIS in detecting mulberry pests and diseases, and also would be useful to strengthen the sericultural activities in our country.

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 Keywords

Mulberry pests, SILKS, Hyperspectral radiometry.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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The application of machine learning (ML) into decision support systems (DSS) has produced high levels of accuracy, efficiency and adaptivity in several sectors. This review charts the evolution of ML in DSS, illustrating important milestones, applicable techniques, and the challenges encountered for these systems as they matured. This paper explores the most popular models related to ML used in DSS including decision trees, SVMs, NNs and ensemble methods and their relative advantages and disadvantages for their application in practical settings. Discussed are basic questions such as model interpretability, data quality, scalability, and real-time processing, as well as the related development of solutions that are rooted in explainable AI (XAI), data preprocessing, as well as deployment of edge and cloud computing technologies. This analysis sheds light on main achievements and the existing challenges in real world application of ML in DSS and highlights important research questions in order to further develop the practical and responsible application of such systems.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Machine Learning, Decision Support Systems, Explainable AI, Data Preprocessing, Real-Time Processing, Scalability, Model Interpretability, Cloud Computing, Edge Computing, Predictive Analytics.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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The evolving nature of network infrastructures and increasing complexity in cyber attacks have deemed the need for more intelligent analysis processes from networks. The conventional rule-based and statistical anomaly detection approaches are typically outperformed by new threats, as they are based on signature match (static) validation. In this article, we will analyze how deep learning techniques are integrated into the real-time anomaly detection and optimization of network traffic analysis. Improved precision and flexibility of identifying malicious activities from the models encompassed in AI driven models like CNNs (convolutional neural networks), RNNs(recurrent neural networks) and autoencoders. Beyond that, reinforcement learning and predictive analytics are pivotal in optimising network traffic load balancing, congestion control, Quality-of-Service, (QoS) as well. Real-World Case Studies This study enumerates the major force at play, computational overhead and adversarial attacks as well as future direction implications (edge AI, XAI for cybersecurity) combining with AI Powered (network) traffic Analytics organizations are able to establish a stronger, scalable and responsive security framework to be more secure from contemporary cyber threats.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Network traffic analysis, anomaly detection, deep learning, AI-driven security, real-time monitoring, CNNs, RNNs, autoencoders, reinforcement learning, cybersecurity optimization.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

Legal profession is a profession of great honour and noble one. Generally, people approach an advocate not only for seeking justice or remedy against any unfairness they have faced but also to avoid taking law into their hands and fight on their own. In India with the opening up of the economy and globalization legal profession has grown and there are law firms in almost every city with individual advocates practicing on their own. The Advocates Act, 1961 deals with the legal profession and the Bar Council of India framed rules pertaining to standards of conduct and professional etiquette for advocates. Bar Councils are empowered to deal with disciplinary proceedings against an advocate who violates the rules and commits any professional or other misconduct. When a legal practitioner fails to discharge his duties properly towards a client, may be found to have been negligent. The Advocates Act does not deal with the disputes between the clients and the advocates if the clients seek a remedy of damages or refund of money paid to the advocates. In this circumstance the absolute immunity to the advocates for their professional negligence will not only affect the client's confidence in them but also society as a whole. Hence in this article the author, with perception of professional negligence of advocates in general, analysis how the existing remedies available to aggrieved clients are inadequate in dealing with negligence by advocates and the application of the Consumer Protection Act to legal practitioners. The author also makes suitable suggestions to provide remedy to the aggrieved clients in case of professional negligence by legal professionals without undermining the dignity of legal profession.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Advocate, Client, Legal, Negligence, Profession, Legal Practitioner, Legal Profession

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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The itemized research of Ambedkar's social and political way of thinking is extremely difficult task despite the fact that I might want to make an endeavor of his thought of social equity as an alternate point of view. The greater part of us just realized that Dr.B.R.Ambedkar was a draftsman of Indian Constitution and he additionally an incredible educator, educationist, legal advisor, business analyst, anthropologist, sociologist, creator, speaker, lawmaker, worker's guild leader, evangelist or more all social progressive. In India such countless social reformers arose to battle against unfairness for dalit networks, anyway a couple of leader effectively conveyed they own plans to social orders towards the government assistance of discouraged society. Especially, Ambedkar worked for the Dalit rights, ladies rights, in reverse positions, minorities and average individuals and battled for his entire life for the base respect of all people independent of rank or class.

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Ambedkar's idea of Political Justice

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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The origin of the Muslim politics in Assam goes back to the initiatives of the Sir Sayed Ahmed Khan and the knowledge of institutional taxonomy that the colonial rule offered to the Muslims. Muslim politics in Assam originated as a consequence of the realities realized by the Muslims in term of educational facilities, public employment and representation in the self government bodies to enter into the Legislative Councils. The Muslims of India had long been feeling the need for a separate political organization for themselves. Muslim delegation under the leadership of Sir Agha Khan met the Viceroy at Simla on October, 1906 and desired to organize the Muslims politically to secure for themselves recognition from the government as a nation within a nation. It was in the wake of Simla Deputation, the All India Muslim League was formed on December 30, 1906. It was the first genuine effort of the Muslims in search of a distinct political identity for themselves. Gradually the All India Muslim League established its wings in all the major provinces and extended its activities under the banner of its provincial wings. In this process, Assam Provincial Muslim League was formed and became the first formal banner of the Muslim politics in Assam.

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"The Origin and Growth of Muslim Politics in Assam under Assam Provincial Muslim League"

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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In the realm of wireless sensor networks (WSNs), optimizing energy efficiency is critical for sustaining network operations and maximizing their lifespan. This paper delves into the exploration of cluster- based routing protocols as a means to enhance energy efficiency within WSNs. Through a methodical approach that involves the strategic formation of clusters and the selection of cluster heads based on factors such as residual energy, centrality, and connectivity, this study aims to streamline data transmission paths while minimizing energy consumption. The proposed methodology is rigorously evaluated through simulations or real-world deployments, with a focus on assessing its impact on energy consumption, network longevity, and overall performance metrics. The outcomes of this investigation shed light on the significance of energy-efficient routing protocols in WSNs and underscore the potential for substantial enhancements in sustainability and network efficiency. By contributing fresh insights into cluster-based strategies for bolstering energy efficiency, this paper advances the frontier of WSN research, with broad implications across diverse applications ranging from environmental monitoring to agriculture, smart cities, and industrial automation.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs), Energy Efficiency, Cluster-Based Routing Protocols, Cluster Heads, Residual Energy, Centrality, Connectivity, Data Transmission Paths, Energy Consumption, Network Lifespan, Environmental Monitoring, Agriculture, Smart Cities, Industrial Automation

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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This letter presents the design of a compact size wideband Microstrip line feed square with step shaped patch antenna suitable implementation for Bluetooth, 4G LTE, WLAN, and WiMAX applications. The proposed compact size wideband Microstrip antenna consist of a microstrip feed line on one side of the substrate with defective ground structure with rectangular slot, other side of ground plane. The antenna system resonates at 9.13GHz for VSWR=1.The proposed antenna is suitable for wireless communication systems.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

MPA, Wireless Local Area Networks; Long Term Evolution; Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access, VSWR,

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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This research investigates the multifaceted role of phytochemicals in Vinca rosea, focusing on qualitative analysis and evaluating their antimicrobial and antioxidant activities. Phytochemical screening identified the presence of alkaloids, terpenoids, and flavonoids, highlighting the plant's diverse chemical profile. Antimicrobial assays revealed significant activity against Salmonella typhii and Staphylococcus aureus, with minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) indicating potent inhibitory effects. The antioxidant potential, assessed through DPPH radical scavenging assays, demonstrated a robust capability to neutralize free radicals, with an IC50 value indicative of the plant's effectiveness. These findings not only contribute to understanding Vinca rosea's phytochemical composition but also underscore its potential as a source of natural antimicrobial and antioxidant agents, encouraging further exploration for therapeutic applications.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Vinca rosea, Phytochemicals, Antimicrobial activity, Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), Antioxidant activity, IC50 value

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition