Volume 8 | Issue 8 |

 Abstract

Quest for high photo conversion efficiency have vastly increasing by the emergence of new novel solar cell materials that could support light capturing from sun. From the birth of solar cell in 19th century, research voyage of solar cells has proven to be an outstanding alternative source of energy. Among 4G (four generation) solar cells, this review put forth the PSC (Perovskite solar cell) which are next preferable choice as the top solar cell owing to its higher absorption edge (~ 2.23 eV) and efficiency of 22.7 %. The review and research findings presented provide valuable guidance in identifying new pathways in optimizing future PV designs towards sustainable energy harvesting.

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 Keywords

Solar cell, Perovskite, Photo conversion efficiency.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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On the basis of the study of the traditional dwelling of Afghanistan, information is given on the features of architecture in conditions of dry hot climate, which reflects the desire of the inhabitants to neutralize the adverse consequences of summer overheating. It is noted how the inhabitants of dwellings adapt to the complex conditions of the terrain, taking into account the ancient traditions of Afghanistan's housing construction.

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 Keywords

tradition; people's dwelling; interior of a residential building; natural and climatic features; shaping factors; techniques of architectural composition.

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In this paper we had made MATLAB programs of elimination methods for single variable nonlinear optimization problems and interpolation methods for single variable nonlinear optimization problems. It also includes comparison of different elimination methods as well as different interpolation methods. By studying results of Elimination methods using this MATLAB programs we can observed that the Fibonacci method achieve any specified accuracy in least number of iterations. So we can conclude that Fibonacci method is very efficient than other methods. By studying results of Interpolation methods using this MATLAB programs we can observed that the Newton method achieve any specified accuracy in least number of iterations. So we can conclude that Newton method is very efficient than other methods.

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 Keywords

Elimination methods, interpolation methods, Fibonacci method, Newton method, non linear optimization

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Frequent itemset mining is important task in data mining domain. This is applicable in variety of applications such as market-basket analysis, browsing history analysis, transaction record analysis, etc. Lot of work has been done in the domain of co-occurrence pattern extraction and association rule mining. The existing system works on static dataset as an input. The proposed system focuses on temporal analysis of data and extracts co-occurrence patterns from dataset based on timestamp information. Each record in a dataset has it is own time information. Based on the time information data is sliced in 3 dimensional cube. The apriori algorithm is extended to work with time cube information data. Using time interval cubes, the co-occurrence of pattern is analyzed periodically and with certain time interval. For processing multiple time cube simultaneously, a multithreaded environment is proposed to improve system efficiency. To solve the overestimation problem, a density threshold value is checked for each time cube. The performance of system is tested on various dataset and its execution time and memory is compared with the existing approach.

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co-occurrence patterns, time cube, Temporal analysis, apriori, multithreaded application, frequent patterns

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Ecologically, insects occupy diverse niches and play many different roles important in sustaining the dynamics of ecosystem process. They could be herbivores (some are pests), predators and parasites (maintaining the population dynamics of herbivore insects), pollinators, decomposers and scavengers- each group or species within groups have distinct feeding habit. As such they are closely associated with the habitat and factors within it. It is evident that their impact is considerable, and that the known or potential value stored in their diversity should be preserved for the future. Knowledge of the diversity of insects in agro-ecosystems therefore becomes important. During this century, the practice of irrigating agricultural crops with sewage waters in rural and peri-urban areas of our Country is becoming a common practice. Such agro-ecosystems have low pH and high organic matter and due to accumulation of humus the soil is very good as far as cropping is concerned. In a way, it is natural organic farming. The present work therefore was undertaken to study the insect scenario (diversity and density) in some sewage irrigated agro-ecosystems in and around Bikaner, Rajasthan during an annual cycle documenting the data for seventeen months. In all, of the total 102 insect species noted, most number of 82 insect species was documented during January, May and September and minimum diversity of 54 insect forms was observed in the month of April. Over all, density wise maximum numbers of 670 insects (per trap) were documented during September and minimum density of 222 insects was observed in the month of April.

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 Keywords

Insect diversity, Insect density, Sewage irrigation, Agro-ecosystem

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Architects of Indian constitution were eager to make the country sovereign stable, peaceful and to protect the human rights of people. Constitutional laws contributed a very pivotal role to make the country?s judicial system on right track for the sake of country?s present ground reality complex scenarios and the future has been made secured for our parliamentary system is based on upgrading or new constitutional laws. But controversial Article 370 has provided the Jammu and Kashmir state vast powers as the autonomous body which created many complex problems including threat of unity of the country and our government bifurcated the state into two successors �Union Territories� with additional limited aboriginal administrative powers under the Central Government. This Article was a �Temporary Provision� and it was essential to abrogate, modify and to eliminate this article. Article 370 has a historical background which does not emerge from legal or constitutional dimensions but it has complex political and religious dimensions which have impact on the international border highly complex issues between India and Pakistan. Pakistan government has been claiming over J&K since 1947. Dispute of L.A.C. �Line of Actual Control� around �No Men?s Land� and continue to complex issues of �Line of Control� with Pakistan have been going on since 1947, whereas China has been claiming on our land which is located near to Ladakh. The United Nation deliberates J&K to be disputed territory between Indo-Pak, but New Delhi, the status quo party, calls the recent legal changes an internal matter and it is usually opposing third �part involvement in the Kashmir issue. Since the beginning of this matter Article 370 Dr. B.R. Ambedkar the father of Indian constitution was totally disagreed in introducing this article in our constitution. In this Dissertation research work, abrogation of Article 370 of the Indian constitution is taken as an �Legal Analytical Study� where focusing the complex issues and matter of responsibilities in the making of Article 370 and its right implication, Division of State by The Union Govt., Distinct formation of High Court, Emergency Provisions as Temporary and Transition, Fundamental Rights and Ground Reality Scenarios under The Constitution of Indian and its Problem Solving Skills implementation on ground reality complex scenarios have impact on The Valley of Kashmir (Jammu -Kashmir and Ladakh) towards country?s peace and international stable and progressive relations. The hope is that the fine combination of Muslims (Kashmiris - One Divine Wisdom) and Buddhists (Ladakh from Tibet University - Lhasa) give us a unique culture and scope of advanced future enhancements to reshape the unstable country?s situations in peaceful, enlightened and advanced development under the umbrella of Indian Constitution.

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 Keywords

The Constitution of India, The Valley Of Kashmir (Jammu- Kashmir and Ladakh), Article 370, Temporary Provisions, Union Territories, Ground Reality Scenarios, Human Rights, Legal Analytical Study, Problem Solving Skills, Country Peace, Stability, advanced development, international stable and progressive relations.

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This paper sought to look at the state of brand labels in the Ghanaian clothes and fashion related articles among dressmakers and tailors that help boost patronage of made in Ghana clothing and fashion articles. Tourists all over the world have collected souvenir from the sites they visit and they are proud to show the authenticity of these souvenirs. One aspect of showing off the authenticity of such clothes and fashion articles is the brand labels that appear on them. This work is situated within the qualitative research approach with interview, observation and field trip to secure data for the findings. The descriptive design approach with the narrative analysis method were used to analyse the data. It was clear from the findings that few graphic designers have looked at the design and production of brand labels for tailors and dressmakers in the local dressmaking business. The researcher recommends among others that Ghana National Tailors and Dressmakers Association educates members of the association on the need for a brand label.

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 Keywords

Brand, dress, fashion, label, proprietor

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Now a days, we can watch movies, videos on different video displaying devices ranging from mobile phone, iPods to high definition television displays. These devices have different size and resolutions. Movie contents often are manufactured in one resolution and consumed in other resolutions. Therefore it is necessary to convert video from one resolution format to other format which is compatible with particular display device. Converting video from lower resolution to higher resolution is known as video up scaling and converting video from higher resolution to lower is known as video down scaling. Video scaling is converting video from one resolution format to another, so that video will fit into target display. In this project we are converting video from QCIF, CIF format to VGA format using adaptive decision algorithm. Adaptive decision algorithm uses Spline interpolation for if difference between two adjacent pixels is more than threshold, and uses Nearest neighborhood if difference is less than threshold. QCIF format is widely used in mobile phone, iPod displays. VGA is well known computer monitor display format

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 Keywords

Image scaling, Zooming, Interpolation, nearest neighbor, bilinear, spline, box filter, Bartlett filter, MSE, PSNR, Quality index

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Stem cell research is an emerging trend in the field of biotechnology. Stem cell is an immature cell that has capability to differentiate into a mature cell. These cells can be used to treat many incurable diseases. There are three types of stem cells. Embryonic stem cells (ESC), adult stem cells and core blood stem cells. ESC is the most imperative form of cells which are more versatile and flexible when compared to other forms of stem cell. ESC is derived from early stage of human embryo which is called blastocyst. These blastocyst has an outer layer of cells and inner cell mass which are pluripotent in nature. They can develop into different type of tissues in the human body. But extraction of such blastocyst makes the embryo non viable. This brings in many ethical and moral issues in the society. Many countries like UK, Belgium, India etc are supporting stem cell research. Many other countries like Austria, Italy etc are opposing these researches. In India initiatives are taken by the Government to promote stem cell researches. Yet patentability of ESC technologies are still debatable in our country. National Guidelines for Stem cell Research 2017 is being adopted by India. it seeks to facilitate safe, ethical and regulated research. Novelty, Inventive step and Industrial applications are the basic criteria for obtaining patent. Embryonic stem cell technologies qualify all the criteria. In India an invention should also qualify section 3 of Patent Act 1970. According to which an invention contrary to public order or morality cannot be patented. In this research paper the researcher has analyzed challenges in patenting ESC technology and provided positive solutions for the same. The researcher also studied the various frameworks set by different countries. The researcher has discussed the ethical issued involved in ESC technology.

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 Keywords

Stem cell technology, Patent, Ethics, Biotechnology, human dignity

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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The Paper discusses the image scaling application required to zoom the image with interpolation. The paper also proposes the novel approach for image scaling and comparing the novel approach with the other existing interpolation techniques. The scope of the paper is limited to use the different image scaling techniques to fit the image on the display devices of different resolutions. Different image scaling techniques such as nearest neighbour and bilinear are considered for the comparison with the proposed novel approach. The proposed method, nearest neighbour and bilinear interpolation techniques is ported on a digital signal processor DM 642 to measure the computation complexity and memory requirements. The different image scaling techniques considered are compared on the basis of objective and subjective measures.

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 Keywords

Interpolation, nearest neighbor, bilinear, bicubic, zoom

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition