Volume 14 | Issue 8 |

 Abstract

Artificial Intelligence systems are increasingly used in decision-support applications where predictive performance alone is insufficient; users must also understand why a model produced a particular result. Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) addresses this requirement by generating human-understandable representations of model behavior. This paper presents an experimental study of XAI using the Wisconsin Diagnostic Breast Cancer dataset, containing 569 observations and 30 predictive attributes. Three classification models--Logistic Regression, Random Forest and Support Vector Machine with an RBF kernel--were trained using an 80:20 stratified train-test split. Their predictive performance was compared using accuracy, precision, recall, F1-score and ROC-AUC. The best-performing models in the experiment were Logistic Regression and SVM, each achieving 98.25% test accuracy, while Random Forest achieved 94.74%. Random Forest was selected for the XAI demonstration because Tree SHAP provides an efficient and exact explanation method for tree ensembles. SHAP global and local explanations were generated, and a LIME-style local surrogate was implemented directly in Python using neighborhood perturbation, distance-based weighting and weighted ridge regression. For one test instance, the top-ten feature sets from SHAP and the LIME-style method overlapped on four features, illustrating that different explanation methods can emphasize different aspects of the same prediction. The study demonstrates that XAI can provide useful evidence for model interpretation, debugging and human oversight, but explanation quality must be evaluated independently from predictive accuracy. The results support a layered approach in which model validation, explanation generation and human governance are treated as complementary components of trustworthy AI.

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 Keywords

Explainable Artificial Intelligence, XAI, SHAP, LIME, Machine Learning, Interpretability, Transparency, Trustworthy AI, Random Forest, Feature Attribution.

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Kendrapara district in Odisha, located within the Mahanadi River Basin, experiences recurrent flooding that disrupts livelihoods and infrastructure. These floods are closely linked to variations in rainfall patterns, making the study of long-term rainfall trends essential for understanding local vulnerability. This research examines rainfall variability over multiple decades using daily and monthly records from the Indian Meteorological Department, supported by satellite-based datasets such as TRMM and CHIRPS. Statistical approaches including the Mann-Kendall test, Sen's slope estimator, and extreme rainfall indices are applied to identify changes in rainfall intensity, frequency, and seasonal distribution. Geographic Information System (GIS) techniques are employed to visualize rainfall anomalies and align them with flood-prone zones in Kendrapara. Alongside hydrological analysis, socio-economic data from census records, district reports, and household surveys are used to assess community exposure and sensitivity to flood hazards. The integration of rainfall trend analysis with socio-economic profiling highlights areas where climatic stress and human vulnerability converge. Findings are expected to reveal shifts in rainfall behaviour that intensify flood risks, while also identifying the social and economic factors that heighten community susceptibility. The study contributes to disaster risk reduction strategies and offers evidence-based guidance for climate adaptation planning in Odisha's coastal floodplains.

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TRMM, CHIRPS, GIS, Mann-Kendall test, Sen's slope estimator.

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Abstract: This study investigates self-regulated learning models and their significant role in secondary school education. The National Education Policy (NEP) 2020 emphasizes the development of self-regulated learning and skill-based programmes at the senior secondary level. Self- regulated learning is an autonomous approach that promotes learners' independence. Self-regulated learning is a process in which the learner controls their cognitive, motivational, and behavioral strategies to achieve academic goals. Barry J. Zimmerman identifies three phases of SRL: the forethought phase, the performance phase, and the self-reflection phase. This capability is characterized by its unique feature that facilitates the acquisition of new knowledge and skills. Self-regulated learning is a process in which the learner controls their cognitive, motivational, and behavioral strategies to achieve academic goals. Barry J. Zimmerman identifies three phases: the forethought phase, the performance phase, and the self-reflection phase. These phases involve goal setting, self- decisions, planning of strategies, self-monitoring, and self-evaluation. Furthermore, the theoretical model can be applied to learning environments, including online, offline, and blended classrooms in senior secondary education. In this paper, the researcher studies the importance of self- regulated learning in the Indian school system. This paper emphasizes self-regulated learning and the importance of enhancing students' academic performance and lifelong learning skills in secondary education.

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 Keywords

self-regulated learning, NEP2020, Secondary Education, Academic achievement

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The paper makes a comparative study of the poetry of two important poets, Ajit Barua and T. S. Eliot, associated with modernist poetic consciousness of Assamese and English literature respectively. They belong to different linguistic, cultural, historic and geographical contexts but both poets are responding to the crisis of modern life thru poetic experimentation, intellectual reflection, symbolic suggestiveness and a keen sense of social and spiritual disintegration. Eliot's poetry came out of the cultural crisis of post-war Europe. Ajit Barua's poetry grew out of the colonial transition, Indian independence, social change, political uncertainty and cultural experience of Assam. The study looks at their treatment of modernity, alienation, urban experience, historical consciousness, myth, tradition, nature, and spiritual anxiety. It also discusses the impact of Eliot on the poetic technique of Ajit Barua, especially in terms of fragmentation, allusion, impersonality, irony, indirect expression and juxtaposition of seemingly unconnected images. But Barua does not just imitate Eliot. He uses modernist techniques to the Assamese experience and infuses them with a certain regional, social and cultural value. Eliot's poetry often represents a spiritually exhausted Western civilization whereas Barua's poetry negotiates between the inherited Assamese traditions and the pressures of modernity. The comparative analysis shows that both the poets convert chaos into artistic form, but their poetic visions differ in emphasis. Eliot seeks metaphysical and Christian order, whereas Barua is more grounded in social reality, historical change, cultural identity and the complex nature of Indian modernity. The study concludes that Ajit Barua's poetry is a creative appropriation, not a passive imitation of Eliotian modernism.

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 Keywords

Ajit Barua, T. S. Eliot, Assamese verse, modernism, fragmentation, alienation, myth, comparative literature.

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Ecology, Eco-feminism, Eco-mysticism in the plays of North-East India Writing in English. Abstract North- East India comprises of eight different states namely Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland, Sikkim and Tripura having cultural, linguistic and religious diversity. In spite of having all these diversities, these states have many things in common. They share common political, economic or social problems such as the problems on insurgency, separatist movements or social problems such as the problem of insurgency, the issue of rampant corruptions in the bureaucracy. Again, all these states share almost the same natural landscapes. They have hills, mountains, lush green forests with rare flora and fauna, rivers, Valleys, and multiethnic people with vibrant culture and tradition. The ecology of the region has become a dominant theme of the writers of North East India writing in English. Even in vernacular literature also nature occupies a significant place. Writing from North-East India in English celebrates this nature human relationship exploring the tradition culture and heritage of the multiethnic communities of this region. In the present paper I have tried to explore the ecology, eco-mystic, eco-feministic ideologies that have been exploded in the plays of the playwrights of North East India writing in English.

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 Keywords

Ecology, Eco-mysticism, Eco-feminism, identify, spiritual.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Public trust in the police is an essential component of effective policing, community safety and the functioning of the criminal justice system. Women police officers have an increasingly important role in maintaining law and order, addressing gender-sensitive concerns, protecting citizens' rights and facilitating access to police services. The present study examines the level of public trust towards women police officers and identifies selected factors associated with such trust. A quantitative approach with a descriptive research design was adopted for the study. Primary data were collected from 300 respondents using a structured questionnaire covering socio-demographic characteristics, interaction with police officers, experiences with women police officers and perceptions regarding their efficiency, honesty, fairness, empathy, communication, confidentiality and professionalism. The data were coded and analysed using SPSS. Frequency, percentage and Chi-square tests were used to examine the distribution of respondents and the association between selected variables and levels of trust. The findings reveal that 261 (87.0%) respondents reported a high level of trust, while 39 (13.0%) reported a moderate level of trust. Statistically significant associations were found between gender and trust, residence and trust, and overall experience with women police officers and trust. However, age, educational qualification and previous interaction with police officers were not significantly associated with trust. The findings highlight the importance of positive police-public interaction, professional conduct, accessibility, fairness, empathy and community engagement in strengthening public confidence in women police officers.

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Women Police Officers, Public Trust, Police-Community Relationship, Public Perception, Police Legitimacy, Professionalism, Gender-Sensitive Policing

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Qualia--the subjective, first-person qualities of conscious experience such as the redness of red or the felt sense of pain--have long resisted objective scientific description. This paper surveys the emerging interdisciplinary space that we term "Qualia Science," situated at the intersection of philosophy of mind, cognitive neuroscience, and computational modelling, and examines how contemporary Artificial Intelligence (AI) techniques are being applied to its central problems. We review the major theoretical frameworks for consciousness (Global Workspace Theory, Integrated Information Theory, Higher-Order Theories, and the Free-Energy/Predictive Processing framework), and we examine how these frameworks have been operationalised using deep learning, probabilistic generative models, reinforcement learning, and large-scale neural correlate analysis. We propose a taxonomy of qualia-based application domains--affective computing, machine phenomenology, neuro-informed brain-computer interfaces, and consciousness-inspired AI architectures--and discuss the specific AI methods (representation learning, attention mechanisms, Bayesian inference, and information-theoretic measures such as Integrated Information, ?) that are being proposed as solutions to open problems in this domain. The paper concludes that while AI cannot presently resolve the "explanatory gap" between physical processes and subjective experience, it offers valuable functional proxies, measurement tools, and generative test-beds that are advancing empirical qualia research, while also raising new ethical and epistemological questions about machine sentience.

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 Keywords

Qualia; Consciousness; Artificial Intelligence; Machine Phenomenology; Integrated Information Theory; Global Workspace Theory; Predictive Processing; Affective Computing; Neural Correlates of Consciousness; Explainable AI

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 Abstract

Revisiting Mission Strategies in the Contemporary Politics of India

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Revisiting Mission Strategies in the Contemporary Politics of India

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Occupational health and safety (OHS) in public administration is frequently addressed through general welfare obligations, isolated training, or incident response rather than through the routine systems by which work is planned, monitored, assessed, and improved. Nigeria created Occupational Safety Officer and Executive Occupational Safety Officer cadres in the Federal Public Service in 2022 while introducing a modern Performance Management System (PMS) to replace the Annual Performance Evaluation Report. This critical policy review examines whether the PMS can serve as a governance mechanism for institutionalising OHS across federal ministries, departments, and agencies. The review synthesises official PMS policy and guidance, the circular establishing the safety cadres, Nigerian OHS legislation and policy, international labour and management-system standards, and peer-reviewed literature on safety climate, safety leadership, implementation, and public-sector performance. The analysis identifies a central implementation gap: the safety cadres establish specialist posts, but the available policy architecture does not yet translate OHS responsibilities into explicit cross-cutting key result areas, competency expectations, leading indicators, review obligations, or proportionate improvement processes. A four-pillar framework is proposed, comprising performance integration, competency development, monitoring and learning, and digitally enabled accountability. Basic First Aid and emergency preparedness are retained as a feasible pilot application, but not treated as a substitute for comprehensive OHS management. The paper advances three testable conceptual propositions concerning perceived safety value, bureaucratic feasibility, and compliance accountability. It concludes that PMS alignment could help convert OHS from a peripheral welfare activity into a measurable governance responsibility, provided implementation is legally reviewed, procedurally fair, adequately resourced, participatory, and empirically evaluated. The framework is therefore an agenda-setting policy proposition rather than evidence of proven intervention effectiveness.

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 Keywords

Nigeria, occupational health and safety, federal civil service, performance management system, public administration, safety governance, competency framework, implementation gap.

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This project focusing on creating a smart grid model by taking inspiration from natural ecosystem.The aim of the project was to develop a grid that can react automatically to real time changes in electricity demand and Power generation.

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 Keywords

Smart grid, natural ecosystem, Renewable energy, Decentralization, adaptive system, Energy efficiency.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition