IJCRT Peer-Reviewed (Refereed) Journal as Per New UGC Rules.
ISSN Approved Journal No: 2320-2882 | Impact factor: 7.97 | ESTD Year: 2013
Scholarly open access journals, Peer-reviewed, and Refereed Journals, Impact factor 7.97 (Calculate by google scholar and Semantic Scholar | AI-Powered Research Tool) , Multidisciplinary, Monthly, Indexing in all major database & Metadata, Citation Generator, Digital Object Identifier(CrossRef DOI)
| IJCRT Journal front page | IJCRT Journal Back Page |
Paper Title: Voices from the Field: Evaluating Beneficiary Satisfaction in MGNREGS Implementation
Author Name(s): Dr.Soorya Anand
Published Paper ID: - IJCRT2609145
Register Paper ID - 313359
Publisher Journal Name: IJPUBLICATION, IJCRT
DOI Member ID: 10.6084/m9.doi.one.IJCRT2609145 and DOI :
Author Country : Indian Author, India, - , -, - , | Research Area: Commerce All Published Paper URL: http://ijcrt.org/viewfull.php?&p_id=IJCRT2609145 Published Paper PDF: download.php?file=IJCRT2609145 Published Paper PDF: http://www.ijcrt.org/papers/IJCRT2609145.pdf
Title: VOICES FROM THE FIELD: EVALUATING BENEFICIARY SATISFACTION IN MGNREGS IMPLEMENTATION
DOI (Digital Object Identifier) :
Pubished in Volume: 14 | Issue: 9 | Year: September 2026
Publisher Name : IJCRT | www.ijcrt.org | ISSN : 2320-2882
Subject Area: Commerce All
Author type: Indian Author
Pubished in Volume: 14
Issue: 9
Pages: b373-b386
Year: September 2026
Downloads: 8
E-ISSN Number: 2320-2882
MGNREGS is the largest make-work programme ever launched in the world. The Ministry of Rural Development, Government of India is giving priority treatment to MGNREGS, considering the role it has been playing in transforming rural lives. Both Central and State Governments give due consider-ation to the scheme, rather than any other rural development schemes. Considering the socio-economic and political structure of Kerala, MGNREGS has enormous scope in reaching out to the poor and in executing better quality works appropriate for natural resource management and sus-tainable development. Better planning of works, time-bound completion and efficiency of works to a large extent depends upon the active participation and involvement of the beneficiaries in various processes of the scheme implementation. Therefore, this paper focuses on the determinants of satis-faction of MGNREGS beneficiaries in different facets of work implementation aspects of MGNREGS in Kerala using primary data collected from different regions of the state through field survey. The study revealed that the satisfaction of beneficiaries is mainly based on the benefit itself and not on the other specifications of MGNREGS
Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0
make-work programme, beneficiaries, rural lives, determinants
Paper Title: Adverse Childhood Experiences and Psychological Well-Being among Young Adults in Kozhikode District, Kerala
Author Name(s): MUBASHIRA MOIDU CPK, Dr. STUTIMA BASISTHA
Published Paper ID: - IJCRT2609144
Register Paper ID - 313264
Publisher Journal Name: IJPUBLICATION, IJCRT
DOI Member ID: 10.6084/m9.doi.one.IJCRT2609144 and DOI :
Author Country : Indian Author, India, - , -, - , | Research Area: Arts All Published Paper URL: http://ijcrt.org/viewfull.php?&p_id=IJCRT2609144 Published Paper PDF: download.php?file=IJCRT2609144 Published Paper PDF: http://www.ijcrt.org/papers/IJCRT2609144.pdf
Title: ADVERSE CHILDHOOD EXPERIENCES AND PSYCHOLOGICAL WELL-BEING AMONG YOUNG ADULTS IN KOZHIKODE DISTRICT, KERALA
DOI (Digital Object Identifier) :
Pubished in Volume: 14 | Issue: 9 | Year: September 2026
Publisher Name : IJCRT | www.ijcrt.org | ISSN : 2320-2882
Subject Area: Arts All
Author type: Indian Author
Pubished in Volume: 14
Issue: 9
Pages: b350-b372
Year: September 2026
Downloads: 16
E-ISSN Number: 2320-2882
Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) are potentially significant determinants of psychological adjustment and well-being across the life course. Experiences of abuse, neglect, household dysfunction, and other forms of childhood adversity may influence emotional functioning and quality of life during young adulthood. However, individuals exposed to similar adverse experiences may demonstrate different patterns of psychological adaptation. Emotion regulation and post-traumatic growth may represent important psychological processes that contribute to such differences. The present study aims to examine the relationship between adverse childhood experiences, emotion regulation, post-traumatic growth, and quality of life among young adults in Kozhikode District, Kerala. The study will focus on young adults aged 18-29 years and will comprise a sample of 400 participants, including 200 college students and 200 working young adults from selected areas of Kozhikode District. Participants will be selected from Koyilandy, Perambra, Kozhikode Urban, and Vadakara Urban areas. The study will employ standardized psychological measures to assess adverse childhood experiences, difficulties in emotion regulation, post-traumatic growth, and quality of life. Appropriate descriptive and inferential statistical techniques will be used to examine the relationships among the study variables and to determine the contribution of emotion regulation and post-traumatic growth in explaining the association between adverse childhood experiences and quality of life. The study is expected to provide a broader understanding of both vulnerability and positive psychological adaptation following childhood adversity. The findings may have implications for counselling psychologists, mental health professionals, educational institutions, and community-based services in developing trauma-informed and strength-based interventions for young adults. By examining adverse experiences alongside emotion regulation, post-traumatic growth, and quality of life, the study may contribute to a more comprehensive understanding of pathways through which childhood adversity influences adult psychological functioning and may provide directions for future intervention and longitudinal research.
Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0
Adverse Childhood Experiences, Emotion Regulation, Post-Traumatic Growth, Quality of Life, Young Adults, Trauma-Informed Intervention, Kozhikode District.
Paper Title: Analysis of pressure-volume-temperature relationships for alkaline earth oxides MgO and CaO
Author Name(s): K.Sunil, S.Rekha, S.Pushpendra, P.K.Singh
Published Paper ID: - IJCRT2609143
Register Paper ID - 313351
Publisher Journal Name: IJPUBLICATION, IJCRT
DOI Member ID: 10.6084/m9.doi.one.IJCRT2609143 and DOI : https://doi.org/10.56975/ijcrt.v14i9.313351
Author Country : Indian Author, India, 282002 , Agra, 282002 , | Research Area: Physics All Published Paper URL: http://ijcrt.org/viewfull.php?&p_id=IJCRT2609143 Published Paper PDF: download.php?file=IJCRT2609143 Published Paper PDF: http://www.ijcrt.org/papers/IJCRT2609143.pdf
Title: ANALYSIS OF PRESSURE-VOLUME-TEMPERATURE RELATIONSHIPS FOR ALKALINE EARTH OXIDES MGO AND CAO
DOI (Digital Object Identifier) : https://doi.org/10.56975/ijcrt.v14i9.313351
Pubished in Volume: 14 | Issue: 9 | Year: September 2026
Publisher Name : IJCRT | www.ijcrt.org | ISSN : 2320-2882
Subject Area: Physics All
Author type: Indian Author
Pubished in Volume: 14
Issue: 9
Pages: b344-b349
Year: September 2026
Downloads: 11
E-ISSN Number: 2320-2882
The pressure-volume-temperature relationships of a material can be investigated using an equation of state (EOS). In the present study we make use of the Holzapfel adapted polynomial of second order (AP2) EOS for determining pressure-volume relationships along selected isotherms, volume-temperature relationships along different isobars, and pressure-temperature relationships along selected isochores for MgO and CaO. The results have been discussed and found to provide new insight for understanding thermodynamics of solids.
Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0
MgO; CaO; Holzapfel equation of state; Thermal pressure; Thermodynamic properties.
Paper Title: Investigating Aromatherapy-Infused Fabrics for Emotional Wellness and Stress Reduction
Author Name(s): Sara Gupta
Published Paper ID: - IJCRT2609142
Register Paper ID - 313355
Publisher Journal Name: IJPUBLICATION, IJCRT
DOI Member ID: 10.6084/m9.doi.one.IJCRT2609142 and DOI :
Author Country : Indian Author, India, 110092 , Gautam Budh Nagar, 110092 , | Research Area: Management All Published Paper URL: http://ijcrt.org/viewfull.php?&p_id=IJCRT2609142 Published Paper PDF: download.php?file=IJCRT2609142 Published Paper PDF: http://www.ijcrt.org/papers/IJCRT2609142.pdf
Title: INVESTIGATING AROMATHERAPY-INFUSED FABRICS FOR EMOTIONAL WELLNESS AND STRESS REDUCTION
DOI (Digital Object Identifier) :
Pubished in Volume: 14 | Issue: 9 | Year: September 2026
Publisher Name : IJCRT | www.ijcrt.org | ISSN : 2320-2882
Subject Area: Management All
Author type: Indian Author
Pubished in Volume: 14
Issue: 9
Pages: b334-b343
Year: September 2026
Downloads: 8
E-ISSN Number: 2320-2882
The research investigates the fusion of style and nutritional fashion, with a focus on wellness in haute couture. It points to a trend towards product integration of health-focused lifestyles with technical beauty innovations. Alliances of top fashion designers and wellness professionals fuse advanced textile technologies, with related nutritional understanding, to form apparel that provides solutions such as mineral-infused fibers and skin treatments. Nutritional fashion is defined as exclusivity, combining the useful with the luxurious in the form of limited-edition apparel for wellness. These designs not only symbolize status but also take on a personal health and environmental sustainability commitment. Rather than a fleeting trend, nutritional fashion signifies a paradigm shift in luxury, redefining it to prioritize holistic wellness (Vazquez, 2022). 1.1 Background study Nutritional fashion emerged from the trend of wellness-oriented lifestyle strategies. Increased consumer demand has driven innovation in fashion for products, which are at the same time healthy, high-performing, and luxurious. Technological advances in textiles, such as vitamin-impregnated fabrics and bioactive apparel, have incorporated wellness elements into textile products (Gorini, 2021). Continuing this trend, fashion designers in conjunction with health and wellness experts extend this phenomenon and generate high-end market trend-related products. Nutritional fashion, however, is carving out a space in the intersection of luxury, innovation, and holistic wellbeing, as it aligns with the expanding global wellness market, worth more than $7 trillion by 2025.
Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0
Paper Title: ???????????? ??? ????? ?????? ' ???????? ' ?????? ?? ??????????? ???????
Author Name(s): Monisha Saikia, Prof. Ajit Bharali
Published Paper ID: - IJCRT2609141
Register Paper ID - 313341
Publisher Journal Name: IJPUBLICATION, IJCRT
DOI Member ID: 10.6084/m9.doi.one.IJCRT2609141 and DOI :
Author Country : Indian Author, India, India , Nalbari, India , | Research Area: Other area not in list Published Paper URL: http://ijcrt.org/viewfull.php?&p_id=IJCRT2609141 Published Paper PDF: download.php?file=IJCRT2609141 Published Paper PDF: http://www.ijcrt.org/papers/IJCRT2609141.pdf
Title: ???????????? ??? ????? ?????? ' ???????? ' ?????? ?? ??????????? ???????
DOI (Digital Object Identifier) :
Pubished in Volume: 14 | Issue: 9 | Year: September 2026
Publisher Name : IJCRT | www.ijcrt.org | ISSN : 2320-2882
Subject Area: Other area not in list
Author type: Indian Author
Pubished in Volume: 14
Issue: 9
Pages: b320-b333
Year: September 2026
Downloads: 8
E-ISSN Number: 2320-2882
?????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ????? ????? ??? ?? ??????????? ???? ????? ????? �????????� ?????? ?????? ????? ????, ??? ????? ????????, ??????????? ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ???????? ???????? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ????, ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ??? ????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ???? ?????? ????????, ?????? ?????, ?????????? ????????? ????? ??? ??????? ???????????? ???????????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ????-???????, ??????? ?????, ??? ????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ???????, �????????� ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???-????????? ???????? ??? ????????? ?? ?????? ?????
Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0
??????????? ?????, ??????, ????? ?????, ????????
Paper Title: A STUDY TO ASSESS THE EFFECTIVENESS OF GRATITUDE TRAINING PROGRAMME ON HAPPINESS AND PSYCHOLOGICAL WELL-BEING AMONG THE STUDENTS OF COLLEGE OF NURSING, ADESH UNIVERSITY, BATHINDA, PUNJAB
Author Name(s): PRIYANKA KAMBOJ, SANAJY KUMAR KULCHANIA, MANDEEP KAUR, JUNAID AHMAD MALIK
Published Paper ID: - IJCRT2609140
Register Paper ID - 313360
Publisher Journal Name: IJPUBLICATION, IJCRT
DOI Member ID: 10.6084/m9.doi.one.IJCRT2609140 and DOI :
Author Country : Indian Author, India, 151001 , BATHINDA, 151001 , | Research Area: Humanities All Published Paper URL: http://ijcrt.org/viewfull.php?&p_id=IJCRT2609140 Published Paper PDF: download.php?file=IJCRT2609140 Published Paper PDF: http://www.ijcrt.org/papers/IJCRT2609140.pdf
Title: A STUDY TO ASSESS THE EFFECTIVENESS OF GRATITUDE TRAINING PROGRAMME ON HAPPINESS AND PSYCHOLOGICAL WELL-BEING AMONG THE STUDENTS OF COLLEGE OF NURSING, ADESH UNIVERSITY, BATHINDA, PUNJAB
DOI (Digital Object Identifier) :
Pubished in Volume: 14 | Issue: 9 | Year: September 2026
Publisher Name : IJCRT | www.ijcrt.org | ISSN : 2320-2882
Subject Area: Humanities All
Author type: Indian Author
Pubished in Volume: 14
Issue: 9
Pages: b310-b319
Year: September 2026
Downloads: 19
E-ISSN Number: 2320-2882
Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0
Gratitude Training Programme,Gratitude, Happiness and PWB.
Paper Title: A PERSPECTIVE REVIEW ON SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT: A legal studies in
Author Name(s): Roopa Revathi
Published Paper ID: - IJCRT2609139
Register Paper ID - 313365
Publisher Journal Name: IJPUBLICATION, IJCRT
DOI Member ID: 10.6084/m9.doi.one.IJCRT2609139 and DOI :
Author Country : Indian Author, India, 530017 , vizag, 530017 , | Research Area: Social Science All Published Paper URL: http://ijcrt.org/viewfull.php?&p_id=IJCRT2609139 Published Paper PDF: download.php?file=IJCRT2609139 Published Paper PDF: http://www.ijcrt.org/papers/IJCRT2609139.pdf
Title: A PERSPECTIVE REVIEW ON SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT: A LEGAL STUDIES IN
DOI (Digital Object Identifier) :
Pubished in Volume: 14 | Issue: 9 | Year: September 2026
Publisher Name : IJCRT | www.ijcrt.org | ISSN : 2320-2882
Subject Area: Social Science All
Author type: Indian Author
Pubished in Volume: 14
Issue: 9
Pages: b303-b309
Year: September 2026
Downloads: 11
E-ISSN Number: 2320-2882
Abstract: Under Indian perspective the definition of 'environment' and, therefore, environmental law has always been rather broad. Even today, not only does it include the concept of sustainable development but also air and water pollution, preservation of our forests and wildlife, noise pollution and even the protection of our ancient monuments, which are undergoing severe stress due to urbanization and consequent environmental pollution. Community resources such as tanks, ponds, etc. have now been articulated by the Supreme Court for inclusion in the concept of environment, and why should it not be so, considering they all affect the quality and enjoyment of our life. Awareness about the environment and, particularly matters relating to pollution, have been reborn, so to say, such that it is difficult to imagine that our modern environmental jurisprudence is a little over three decades old. In these decades, however, the march of the law has been so rapid and sure which is reflected through this paper. Sustainable Development: An Indian Perspective. Developing priorities in developing countries like India are inescapable because welfare and happiness of all are democratic imperatives. India is a constitutionally ordained society promising an egalitarian social order signifying equality, liberty, socio-economic justice and dignity to all. The mandate of Article 38 and 39(b) and(c) cannot be fulfilled without fixing and implementing certain socio-economic goals and affecting structural change in the society. The imperative need is undoubtedly rapid socio-economic transformation to eradicate the problems of poverty, in equality access and distribution of natural resources and to promote basic indices of human development, minimum standard of welfare and human rights. But the goals of economic and social development must be infused with sustainability; in fact, sustainability embraces socio economic development.
Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0
Constitutionally, Environmental, Transformation, Sustainability
Paper Title: ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ????????? ?? ??????? ??????
Author Name(s): PRAKASH NARAYAN, KM TRIPTI KUSHWAHA
Published Paper ID: - IJCRT2609138
Register Paper ID - 313368
Publisher Journal Name: IJPUBLICATION, IJCRT
DOI Member ID: 10.6084/m9.doi.one.IJCRT2609138 and DOI :
Author Country : Indian Author, India, 210427 , MAHOBA, 210427 , | Research Area: Medical Science All Published Paper URL: http://ijcrt.org/viewfull.php?&p_id=IJCRT2609138 Published Paper PDF: download.php?file=IJCRT2609138 Published Paper PDF: http://www.ijcrt.org/papers/IJCRT2609138.pdf
Title: ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ????????? ?? ??????? ??????
DOI (Digital Object Identifier) :
Pubished in Volume: 14 | Issue: 9 | Year: September 2026
Publisher Name : IJCRT | www.ijcrt.org | ISSN : 2320-2882
Subject Area: Medical Science All
Author type: Indian Author
Pubished in Volume: 14
Issue: 9
Pages: b297-b302
Year: September 2026
Downloads: 15
E-ISSN Number: 2320-2882
?????? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ????????? ?? ??????? ???????? ?? ?????? ???? ??????, ?????? ?? ??? ?? ??? ????? ???? ??? ??? ????? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ??????? ????? ?? ???? ???? ??? ??? ????????? ?? ?? ?????????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??? ??????, ????????, ???????? ??? ???????? ??? ?????? ????????, ????????, ?????????? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ????????? ?? ?????? ????? ??, ????????? ????????? ?? ??? ??? ???????? ???????? ??? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????????? ?? ???? ???????????? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ?????????? ?????? ???????? ???? ??? ??????? ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ???????? ???? ??????? ?? ?????????? ????? ?? ????? ???? ??, ????? ??????? ?????????, ????? ??????? ?? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ?? ?? ???? ??? ??? ?? ????????? ??? ????????? ?? ???????? ?? ??????? ??????? ??? ????? ?????????? ??? ??? ???????, ???????? ??? ????????????? ???????? ?? ?????? ?? ????????? ?? ??????? ???????? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ??? ?????? ??????? ?? ????????? ?????????? ??? ????????? ?? ??????? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ?? ???? ???, ????? ???? ??????? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ???? ??????? ??? ??? ????????? ?? ??????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ?????? ??? ? ??? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ???????? ?????? ?? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ?? ????????? ?? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ???? ??? ??? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ?????????????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ??? ????????? ?? ??????? ???????? ?? ????? ???? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ????
Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0
??????? ??????, ?????? ??????, ?????? ????? ??????, ????? ???, ??????, ??????, ?????? ????????, ???????????, ?????? ???????
Paper Title: Case Report: Ayurvedic Management of Parkinson's Disease (Kampav?ta)
Author Name(s): Dr Rahul H, Dr Keerthana V Nampoothiry
Published Paper ID: - IJCRT2609137
Register Paper ID - 313230
Publisher Journal Name: IJPUBLICATION, IJCRT
DOI Member ID: 10.6084/m9.doi.one.IJCRT2609137 and DOI :
Author Country : Indian Author, India, 680306 , Thrissur, 680306 , | Research Area: Humanities All Published Paper URL: http://ijcrt.org/viewfull.php?&p_id=IJCRT2609137 Published Paper PDF: download.php?file=IJCRT2609137 Published Paper PDF: http://www.ijcrt.org/papers/IJCRT2609137.pdf
Title: CASE REPORT: AYURVEDIC MANAGEMENT OF PARKINSON'S DISEASE (KAMPAV?TA)
DOI (Digital Object Identifier) :
Pubished in Volume: 14 | Issue: 9 | Year: September 2026
Publisher Name : IJCRT | www.ijcrt.org | ISSN : 2320-2882
Subject Area: Humanities All
Author type: Indian Author
Pubished in Volume: 14
Issue: 9
Pages: b294-b296
Year: September 2026
Downloads: 22
E-ISSN Number: 2320-2882
Parkinson's Disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by tremor, rigidity, bradykinesia, and postural instability. In Ayurveda, the condition correlates with Kampav?ta, a V?ta-nan?tmaja vy?dhi. This case report presents the Ayurvedic management of a 56-year-old female diagnosed with PD. Treatment included Udwarthanam, Dhanyamladhara, Shirovasthi, Abhyangam , Shiropichu, Mathravasthi and Mustadi yapana vasti protocol along with V?tahara and Ras?yana internal medications. After 5 weeks of treatment , the patient showed significant improvement in tremors, gait stability, rigidity, sleep, and overall quality of life.. This case highlights the therapeutic potential of Ayurveda in neurodegenerative disorders.
Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0
Parkinson's Disease, Kampav?ta, Ayurveda, Vasti, Neurodegeneration, V?tavy?dhi
Paper Title: BIOCHAR SYNTHESIS AND APPLICATIONS: A REVIEW OF PRODUCTION ROUTES, PROPERTIES, AND SUSTAINABLE USES
Author Name(s): Lepakshi Md. Bhakshu, V. Prabhakar Rao, C. Aruna, Mohan Behara
Published Paper ID: - IJCRT2609136
Register Paper ID - 313330
Publisher Journal Name: IJPUBLICATION, IJCRT
DOI Member ID: 10.6084/m9.doi.one.IJCRT2609136 and DOI :
Author Country : Indian Author, India, 517569 , Chittoor, 517569 , | Research Area: Biological Science Published Paper URL: http://ijcrt.org/viewfull.php?&p_id=IJCRT2609136 Published Paper PDF: download.php?file=IJCRT2609136 Published Paper PDF: http://www.ijcrt.org/papers/IJCRT2609136.pdf
Title: BIOCHAR SYNTHESIS AND APPLICATIONS: A REVIEW OF PRODUCTION ROUTES, PROPERTIES, AND SUSTAINABLE USES
DOI (Digital Object Identifier) :
Pubished in Volume: 14 | Issue: 9 | Year: September 2026
Publisher Name : IJCRT | www.ijcrt.org | ISSN : 2320-2882
Subject Area: Biological Science
Author type: Indian Author
Pubished in Volume: 14
Issue: 9
Pages: b287-b293
Year: September 2026
Downloads: 20
E-ISSN Number: 2320-2882
Biochar is a carbon-rich, porous solid produced by thermochemical conversion of biomass under oxygen-limited conditions. Its production links biomass-residue management with carbon storage and the generation of functional materials for agriculture, environmental remediation and emerging industrial applications. This review summarizes major feedstocks and synthesis routes, including slow and fast pyrolysis, hydrothermal carbonization, gasification and post-production activation. The physicochemical properties of biochar--surface area, pore structure, aromaticity, ash content, surface functional groups, pH and cation-exchange capacity--are controlled strongly by feedstock and processing conditions. Applications discussed include soil amendment, nutrient management, carbon sequestration, water and wastewater treatment, soil remediation, composting, catalysis, construction materials and energy-storage electrodes. Particular attention is given to engineered and modified biochars, whose surface chemistry can be tailored for target pollutants. Although biochar offers substantial circular-bioeconomy and climate benefits, performance is application-specific and concerns including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, trace metals, nutrient immobilization, feedstock contamination, energy demand and end-of-life management require careful assessment. Future research should prioritize standardized characterization, long-term field trials, life-cycle and techno-economic assessment, and application-specific quality standards.
Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0
biochar; biomass; pyrolysis; hydrothermal carbonization; activation; soil amendment; adsorption; wastewater treatment; carbon sequestration; circular bioeconomy

