Volume 14 | Issue 9 |

 Abstract

The Kalachuris occupy an important but complex position in the political history of early and medieval India. Rather than constituting a single continuous empire, the Kalachuris appeared as several dynastic houses that exercised authority in different regions and periods. The earliest historically identifiable Kalachuri rulers are associated with the sixth-century kingdom centred on Mahishmati in the Narmada region. Krishnaraja, Shankaragana and Buddharaja are known through inscriptions and, particularly, through a substantial corpus of silver coinage. Following the decline of this early power in the face of Chalukyan expansion, Kalachuri political authority re-emerged in a number of regional formations, most notably at Tripuri in central India, Kalyani in the Deccan, Ratanpur in Dakshina Kosala, Raipur in Chhattisgarh, and Sarayupara in eastern Uttar Pradesh.

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Kalachuri, Haihaya, Mahishmati, Tripuri, Kalyani, Ratanpur, Raipur, Sarayupara, Chedi, Dahala, Kartavirya Arjuna, Epigraphy.

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Keywords: Instructional Teaching Programme, Effectiveness, Knowledge, Postnatal Mothers, Essential Newborn Care.

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Dry Eye Disease (DED) is a multifactorial disorder of the ocular surface characterized by loss of tear-film homeostasis, tear-film instability and hyperosmolarity, ocular-surface inflammation and damage, and neurosensory abnormalities. Its clinical manifestations include dryness, burning, foreign-body sensation, grittiness, redness, photophobia, ocular fatigue and fluctuating or blurred vision. From the Ayurvedic perspective, ?u?k?k?ip?ka is a relevant clinical correlate because dryness, roughness of the eyelids, burning, ocular discomfort and difficulty in opening the eyes are prominent features, with predominant V?ta-Pitta involvement. ??cyotana Karma, the direct instillation of a medicated liquid into the eye, is described in classical Ayurvedic literature as an important initial ocular therapeutic procedure. This article reviews the modern concept, etiological factors, pathophysiology, clinical features and assessment of DED; the Ayurvedic concept, classical description, Nid?na, Sampr?pti and management of ?u?k?k?ip?ka; and the role of ??cyotana Karma, including its procedure, Do?a-specific application and conceptual correlation with modern topical ocular therapy. Godugdha is also discussed for its traditionally described Madhura Rasa, ??ta V?rya, Snigdha qualities, V?ta-Pitta ??maka action and nourishing properties. The article emphasizes that the Ayurvedic-modern relationship is a clinical and conceptual correlation and that further scientific studies are required to establish the efficacy, safety and mechanism of traditional ??cyotana preparations using standardized scientific parameters.

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Dry Eye Disease; ?u?k?k?ip?ka; ??cyotana Karma; Godugdha; V?ta; Pitta; ocular surface; tear film.

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India is well known for its street food, and a sizable portion of the populace enjoys the distinctive street cuisine found in each Indian city. Only when food is pure, fresh, and devoid of dangerous substances like pathogenic microorganisms can it be considered nourishing. Foods that are contaminated or infected put people's health at risk and lower their quality of life. The food safety of street food has always been a concern because eating these roadside foods has been suggested or reported to potentially increase the risk of foodborne illnesses. This is because street food can easily become contaminated from a variety of sources, including improper handling, traditional processing methods used in the preparation, and poor personal hygiene of food handlers. In order to enhance the microbiological quality of street foods, new demands have emerged, such as educating sellers about health issues and ensuring the use of proper hygiene practices.

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Ethnobotanical, Pharmacological, Indian saffron, Curcumin, Street Food, Foodborne illness.

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In Ayurvedic classics, Asrigdara is a gynaecological disorder characterized by excessive or prolonged bleeding per vagina and is considered as most common problems affecting women. It closely correlates with Dysfunctional Uterine Bleeding (DUB) in contemporary medicine and can significantly affect the physical, psychological, and overall well-being of women. Since Asrigdara is mainly caused by the vitiation of Vata and Pitta Doshas. Treatment should be based on the use of drugs having predominance of Kashaya Rasa and Pitta-shamaka properties. Kashaya Rasa, due to its Stambhana and grahi action, plays an important role in controlling excessive bleeding. As there is loss of Rakta Dhatu due to excessive bleeding, drugs and diet that help in increasing and nourishing Rakta Dhatu are also beneficial. Therefore, the treatment of Asrigdara is mainly based on the principles of Raktastambhana, Rakta-vardhana and Pitta-shamana. The patient experienced significant symptomatic improvement, with gradual reduction in clots to no clots, reduced dysmenorrhea, reduced duration and became regular within 2 months of intervention.

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Asrigadara, Disfunctional Uterine Bleeding , Shamana Chikitsa

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Financial performance analysis plays a vital role in assessing the operational efficiency, profitability, liquidity, and long-term financial stability of an organization .Indian Oil Corporation Limited (IOCL), India's largest public sector oil and gas company, significantly contributes to the nation's energy security and economic development. The present study evaluates the financial performance of Indian Oil Corporation Limited using various financial ratios and analytical techniques. The study is based on secondary data collected from the annual reports of the company for the selected period. Profitability, liquidity, solvency, activity, capital structure, and shareholders' wealth are examined to understand the financial strength of the organization. The findings reveal that Indian Oil Corporation Limited has maintained a satisfactory financial position despite fluctuations in crude oil prices and changing market conditions. The study recommends strengthening operational efficiency, improving working capital management, and increasing investments in renewable energy projects to ensure sustainable growth.

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Keywords: Financial Performance, Indian Oil Corporation Limited, Ratio Analysis, Profitability, Liquidity, Solvency, Shareholders' Wealth.

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Mental health disorders -- depression, anxiety, and suicidality among them -- represent a public health burden affecting upwards of one billion individuals globally, yet clinical services remain inaccessible to a large proportion of those who need them. Over the past decade, researchers have turned to social media platforms as a source of behavioral and linguistic signal capable of supplementing traditional clinical assessment, and the volume of published work in this space has grown sharply. This paper reports a systematic review of 20 peer-reviewed studies published between 2022 and 2026, drawn from IEEE Access, IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks and Learning Systems, Nature Scientific Reports, and MDPI Applied Sciences and Information. Of more than 180 candidate articles identified across four databases, 20 survived a structured three-round screening process. The reviewed studies were examined for architecture, dataset, task framing, and reported performance, and the findings were organised into five recurring gaps: near-universal single-condition classification that ignores the clinical co-occurrence of disorders, an almost complete absence of domain adaptation before fine-tuning, limited explainability, inconsistent reporting standards, and a reliance on datasets that lack longitudinal user-level structure. In response to these gaps, a Multi-Task Learning framework built on Domain-Adaptive Pre-Training of RoBERTa-base -- MTL-DAPT -- is proposed, which jointly predicts depression, anxiety, and suicidality from a shared domain-adapted encoder through three independent task-specific heads, trained end-to-end under a class-weighted multi-task loss.

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Mental health detection, depression, anxiety, suicidality, multi-task learning, domain adaptive pre-training, RoBERTa, social media, systematic review, natural language processing.

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The purpose of this paper is to compare and contrast the legal and political philosophies of two thinkers from civilizations separated by nearly two millennia and both of whose philosophies have been developed in very different cultural traditions, Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679) and Han Feizi (c. 280-233 BCE), who both believe that human conflict can be resolved through the absolute rule of the sovereign. They agree on the establishment of a system of government based upon unchallengeable state power but differ in their understanding of the nature, source and purpose of law. According to Hobbes, positive law is the actualization of natural law (moral rules which can be known by reason) in a commonwealth (civil society) formed by a social contract. Han Feizi's conception of law (Fa) is not one of moral reasoning but of the cosmic Way (Dao) and he views law as an alternative to rather than a representation of morality. This paper holds that Hobbes is a true theorist of rule of law based on natural rights and contractual reciprocity while Han Feizi is a more advanced thinker of rule by law (law as an administrative measure of the sovereign) without natural rights and without popular accountability. The two paradigms of legal absolutism, and their continued significance in the present discussion of law, sovereignty, and political legitimacy, come to light.

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Hobbes, Han Feizi, rule of law, legalism, natural law, positive law, sovereignty, comparative political theory

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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The rapid expansion of new media has transformed how national security information is produced, circulated and interpreted. In Nigeria, where terrorism, banditry, kidnapping, separatist agitation, communal conflict and political tension remain pressing concerns, social media has become a powerful arena for conveying, contesting and distorting security narratives. Unlike the traditional media environment, in which professional journalists and state institutions largely controlled security information, today's digital landscape enables government, security agencies, journalists, political actors, insurgents, activists and citizens to construct these narratives simultaneously. This paper conceptually examines the relationship between new media, digital propaganda and the reconfiguration of national security discourse in Nigeria. It argues that digital platforms have democratized security communication while simultaneously opening channels for misinformation, disinformation, algorithmic amplification and emotional manipulation of official narratives, and that national security in the digital age extends beyond physical territory to the integrity of the national information environment. Drawing on Nigerian and international scholarship published between 2016 and 2026, the paper examines how social media has reshaped agenda-setting, framing, gatekeeping and public reception of issues including terrorism, banditry, elections, protest movements and separatist agitation. It concludes that although new media have expanded access to security information and broadened participation, their vulnerability to propaganda and distorted content threatens social cohesion, public trust and effective security governance. The paper recommends strengthened strategic communication, digital and media literacy, professional verification mechanisms, institutional transparency, platform accountability and rights-respecting regulation to build a resilient national information environment.

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New media, digital propaganda, national security, social media, disinformation, security discourse, Nigeria

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This paper presents a practical and low-cost UAV surveillance prototype using a 24-GHz mmWave radar sensor, ESP32 controller, ESP32-CAM, OpenCV with a YOLO object-detection model, and a custom web application. The mmWave radar provides target range and motion information, while the ESP32 receives the radar data and forwards it to the host system. The ESP32-CAM supplies a live video stream, which is processed using OpenCV and YOLO to detect UAVs or other visible moving objects. Radar and camera information are integrated in a single web application that provides three main views: a radar screen, OpenCV camera screen, and trajectory screen. The system is designed as a simple cognitive tracking platform that can detect, observe, track, and re-acquire a target using readily available hardware and software. The prototype is suitable for academic demonstration and can be extended in the future with improved filtering, motorized scanning, larger-range radar, and additional sensors.

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ESP32, ESP32-CAM, mmWave radar, UAV tracking, OpenCV, YOLO, web application, trajectory visualization.

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