Volume 14 | Issue 9 |

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structured teaching module, knowledge regarding Buerger Allen Exercise, and diabetic patients.

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Scapular dyskinesis, Dhol players, Lateral Scapular Slide Test, Shoulder, Scapular movement, Prevalence, Physiotherapy.

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This conceptual review explores Galagraha, a disease entity described in Ayurvedic classics under Kanthagata Roga, and its correlation with pharyngitis, a common inflammatory disorder of the pharynx in contemporary otorhinolaryngology. Galagraha is characterized by throat constriction, pain, stiffness, obstruction, and difficulty in swallowing, predominantly resulting from Vata-Kapha Dosha vitiation affecting the Gala Pradesh. These clinical manifestations show significant resemblance to pharyngitis, which commonly presents with sore throat, dysphagia, odynophagia, mucosal congestion, and inflammatory edema caused by infectious or non-infectious etiological factors. In the present study, an extensive literary review was conducted using classical Ayurvedic texts including Charaka Samhita, Sushruta Samhita, and Ashtanga Hridaya, along with modern ENT literature, particularly Scott-Brown's Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery. Comparative analysis of etiopathogenesis, symptomatology, and management revealed considerable overlap between both disease entities. Ayurveda explains Galagraha through Dosha imbalance, Srotorodha (obstruction), and Shotha (swelling), while modern medicine describes pharyngitis as inflammatory mucosal pathology involving vascular congestion and tissue edema. Therapeutic approaches in Ayurveda include Dosha Shamana, Kavala, Gandusha, and local healing measures, whereas modern management involves supportive care, anti-inflammatory medications, and antibiotics when indicated. This review highlights the conceptual similarities between Galagraha and pharyngitis and emphasizes the potential scope for integrative therapeutic approaches and future interdisciplinary clinical research.

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Galagraha, Pharyngitis, Kanthagata Roga, Ayurveda, Dysphagia, Integrative ENT.

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Cyberbullying is becoming widespread and complex, especially with the proliferation of social media platforms, and there is a need for efficient automated detection systems. With the growing and complex nature of social media platforms, cyberbullying has become more prevalent and needs effective automated detection systems. This survey offers an exhaustive overview of the latest developments in detecting cyberbullying through Artificial Intelligence (AI) on social media platforms. It explores the history of detection techniques, moving from classic machine learning, deep learning, to contextual learning, transformer-based techniques, large language models, multi-lingual learning, multimodal learning, and graph-based detection techniques. The survey also summarizes the concepts of explainable and trustworthy AI, which include principles of automation explainability, fairness and privacy, robustness and accountability. Existing studies are reviewed and analyzed with regard to their methodologies, data, and reported performance results in order to determine current research gaps and unanswered questions. Specific focus will be placed on problems like class imbalance, noisy and changing social media language, sarcasm, multilingual and code mixed, small labelled datasets, model bias, privacy concerns, and in-time detection needs. Lastly, the solutions recommended and future research directions are discussed in order to better develop accurate, scalable, adaptive, explainable, and trustworthy AI based cyberbullying detection systems for safer social media environments.

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Cyberbullying Detection; social media; Artificial Intelligence; Deep Learning; LLM; Explainable AI.

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भारतीय राष्ट्रीय आंदोलन के इतिहास में हिंदू-मुस्लिम एकता का प्रश्न केवल राजनीतिक गठबंधन का विषय नहीं था, बल्कि भारतीय राष्ट्रवाद की प्रकृति और उसकी सामाजिक आधारभूमि से जुड़ा एक केंद्रीय प्रश्न था। बिहार के संदर्भ में मौलाना मजहरूल हक इस प्रश्न के सबसे महत्वपूर्ण प्रतिनिधियों में से एक थे। वे एक ऐसे मुस्लिम राष्ट्रवादी नेता थे जिन्होंने धार्मिक पहचान और भारतीय राष्ट्रवाद के बीच किसी अनिवार्य विरोध को स्वीकार नहीं किया। उनके राजनीतिक जीवन में इस विचार का निरंतर विकास दिखाई देता है कि भारत की स्वतंत्रता, सामाजिक पुनर्निर्माण और लोकतांत्रिक भविष्य हिंदू-मुस्लिम सहयोग के बिना संभव नहीं हो सकता। मुस्लिम लीग से उनके प्रारंभिक संबंध, भारतीय राष्ट्रीय कांग्रेस में उनकी सक्रिय भूमिका, चंपारण आंदोलन में महात्मा गांधी को दिया गया सहयोग, खिलाफत और असहयोग आंदोलन में उनकी भागीदारी तथा सदाकत आश्रम और बिहार विद्यापीठ की स्थापना—इन सभी कार्यों को हिंदू-मुस्लिम एकता की उनकी व्यापक राजनीतिक अवधारणा के संदर्भ में समझना आवश्यक है। यह शोध-पत्र मौलाना मजहरूल हक की भूमिका का आलोचनात्मक अध्ययन करते हुए यह तर्क प्रस्तुत करता है कि उनकी हिंदू-मुस्लिम एकता की अवधारणा केवल “सांप्रदायिक सद्भाव” तक सीमित नहीं थी। वह एक प्रकार की संयुक्त राष्ट्रवादी राजनीति थी, जिसमें धार्मिक समुदायों की विशिष्टताओं को स्वीकार करते हुए उन्हें औपनिवेशिक शासन के विरुद्ध साझा राजनीतिक संघर्ष में संगठित करने का प्रयास किया गया। बिहार की सामाजिक संरचना, औपनिवेशिक राजनीति, खिलाफत-असहयोग आंदोलन और बाद के सांप्रदायिक तनावों के संदर्भ में मौलाना मजहरूल हक की भूमिका का विश्लेषण यह भी दिखाता है कि हिंदू-मुस्लिम एकता केवल नेताओं के नैतिक आह्वान से स्थायी नहीं बन सकती; इसके लिए सामाजिक समानता, राजनीतिक प्रतिनिधित्व और संस्थागत विश्वास आवश्यक हैं।

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मौलाना मजहरूल हक, बिहार, हिंदू-मुस्लिम एकता, संयुक्त राष्ट्रवाद, खिलाफत आंदोलन, असहयोग आंदोलन, चंपारण, भारतीय राष्ट्रीय आंदोलन

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Mental health is not a new concern in Indian thought. Ancient Indian texts have described the mind, emotions, human behaviour, suffering, self-control, and ways of maintaining inner balance in different ways. The Vedas, Upanishads, Ramayana, Mahabharata, Bhagavad Gita, Darshanas, and Ayurveda contain many such ideas. This article explores mental health from three perspectives. First, it looks at selected narratives from ancient Indian literature that portray fear, grief, emotional conflict, altered judgement, and compulsive behaviour. It then discusses the concept of Manas and its relationship with the senses, intellect, behaviour, and the Self. Finally, the article brings together the main principles described in the Bhagavad Gita, Vedas, Upanishads, Darshanas, and Ayurveda for maintaining mental balance and preventing psychological distress. These concepts are discussed as ancient Indian perspectives on the human mind and not as direct equivalents of modern psychiatric diagnoses.

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Mental Health, Ancient Indian literature, Bhagavad Gita, Ramayana, Mahabharata, Upanishads, Darshana, Ayurveda.

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An analysis of the magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) unsteady convective flow of a viscoelastic (second grade) fluid through a porous medium filled in a vertical channel is carried out. One of the porous plates of the channel through which the fluid is injected is subjected to a slip-flow condition and the other through which the fluid is sucked to a no-slip condition. The pressure gradient in the channel varies periodically with time. The entire system rotates in unison about an axis perpendicular to the planes of the channel plates. The fluid is electrically conducting, and a magnetic field of uniform strength is applied along the axis of rotation. The non-uniform temperature difference of the plates is high enough to induce heat radiation. Assuming constant injection/suction at the channel plates, a closed form solution of the equations governing the flow is obtained. The effects of rotation, Hall current, slipflow parameter, viscoelastic parameter, Grashof number, Reynolds number, the permeability of the porous medium, etc. are shown graphically on the velocity and skin friction and discussed in detail.

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The effects of rotation, Hall current, slipflow parameter, viscoelastic parameter, Grashof number, Reynolds number, the permeability of the porous medium, etc.

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The fluid flow between parallel plates by means of Couette motion is a classical fluid mechanics problem that has applications in magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) power generators and pumps, accelerators, aerodynamics heating, electrostatic precipitation, polymer technology, petroleum industry, purification of crude oil, and also in many material processing applications such as extrusion, metal forming, continuous casting, wire and glass fiber drawing, etc. This problem has received considerable attention in the case of horizontal parallel plates [1] than vertical parallel plates. An analysis of flow formation in Couette motion between vertical parallel plates was presented by Schlichting and Gersten [2]. This problem is of fundamental importance as it provides the exact solution and reveals how the velocity profiles varies with time, approaching a linear distribution asymptotically, and how the boundary layer spreads throughout the flow field.

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The effects of rotation, Hall current, slipflow parameter, viscoelastic parameter, Grashof number, Reynolds number, the permeability of the porous medium, etc.

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This paper reconsiders the relationship between human beings and the more-than-human world in selected poems by Ted Hughes and Seamus Heaney. The argument develops from a comparative reading of Crow, "Hawk Roosting," "Pike," "The Thought-Fox," and "Jaguar" by Hughes and Death of a Naturalist, "Digging," "Bogland," "Blackberry-Picking," and "Personal Helicon" by Heaney. Rather than treating the natural world as a decorative setting, the study examines how animals, soil, water, cultivation, seasonal processes, and remembered places participate in the construction of meaning. Hughes is approached through questions of animal agency, instinct, territory, predation, and survival; Heaney is examined through place, labour, memory, inheritance, and cultural belonging. The comparison shows that their ecological imaginations are different but mutually illuminating. Hughes unsettles human authority by making animal consciousness difficult to contain within familiar human categories. Heaney, by contrast, shows how deeply human identity is formed through material contact with particular landscapes. Ecocritical concepts associated with Cheryll Glotfelty, Lawrence Buell, Greg Garrard, and related scholars provide the critical vocabulary for the discussion. The paper argues that the two poets together complicate anthropocentrism and invite a more relational understanding of environmental life. Their poetry is therefore valuable not simply because it contains images of nature, but because it asks readers to reconsider where human life begins and ends in relation to the living world.

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Ted Hughes; Seamus Heaney; ecocriticism; animal agency; landscape; place; memory; ecological interdependence; environmental ethics.

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Ardita is a Vataja Nanatmaja Vikara characterized by unilateral facial deviation, impaired eye closure, speech disturbance and other functional disabilities, closely resembling facial palsy, particularly Bell's palsy. The present study aimed to compare the efficacy of Navana Nasya and Shirobasti using Karpasasthyadi Taila in the management of Ardita. A comparative clinical study was conducted on 40 subjects, randomly allocated into two groups of 20 each. Group A received Navana Nasya and Group B received Shirobasti with Karpasasthyadi Taila for 7 days. Assessments were conducted before and after treatment and after one-month follow-up. Both groups showed statistically significant improvement in clinical parameters. Comparative analysis revealed greater improvement with Navana Nasya, particularly in Mukha Vakrata, Akshi Nimesha Asamarthya, Vak Sanga, Lalasrava and Lalata Vali Nasha. Marked improvement was observed in 40% of Group A compared to 15% of Group B. Thus, Navana Nasya with Karpasasthyadi Taila demonstrated comparatively superior efficacy in Ardita.

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Ardita, Facial Palsy, Bell's Palsy, Navana Nasya, Shirobasti, Murdhni Taila, Karpasasthyadi Taila, Vata Vyadhi.

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